We studied the influence of the mechanical properties of pectin hydrogels on acute inflammation and tissue repair after subcutaneous implantation. We used hard and soft pectin hydrogels. The results of histology and the analysis of serum‐level cytokines demonstrated that the intensity of acute inflammation increased with increasing hardness of the pectin hydrogels. We also showed that the pectin hydrogels did not inhibit tissue repair. The results of the morphometric and texture analysis of the pectin hydrogels showed that the in vivo biodegradation kinetics of hard hydrogels were greater than those of soft pectin hydrogels. We also observed that on the surface of the hard and soft pectin hydrogels, a network of collagen fibers was formed. The surface of the pectin hydrogel was shown to prevent the adhesion of infiltrating inflammatory cells. The results of the in vitro experiments demonstrated that pectin hydrogels inhibited the functional activity of macrophages and minimally activated the complement system. Therefore, we showed that soft pectin hydrogels have low proinflammatory potential and can be used in surgery as a barrier material as prevention of adhesions in the abdominal cavity. The hard pectin hydrogel can be used in tissue engineering. The hard pectin hydrogels can be used in the reconstruction of skin because are overpopulated with collagen fibers and contribute to the formation of new connective tissue, their elasticity is comparable to the skin and can be adjusted. They are biodegradable, and no additional manipulation is required to remove them.
An injectable hydrogel was obtained from the high methyl-esterified plum Prunus domestica L. (PD) pectin and calcium ions (Ca 2+ ). PD hydrogel showed a weak gel-like behavior and could be squeezed out of the syringe with an injection force of ca. 9 N. PD hydrogel was not suitable for the NIH/3T3 fibroblast cell adhesion in vitro. The live/dead fluorescence and MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assays indicated that the PD hydrogel had a low cytotoxicity in relation to both the adhered and gel surrounding fibroblasts. PD hydrogel was found to inhibit adhesion formation in the sidewall defect-cecum abrasion rat model. In the control group, the occurrence of adhesion of the cecum to the peritoneal wall was found in seven of the total seven rats operated. Only four of the seven animals that were treated with the PD hydrogel were noted to have any adhesions. These adhesions were of a minimum grade of 1, 2, and 3 and were represented by a thin film that could be easily broken. The protective effect of PD hydrogel was found to be comparable with that of hyaluronic acid hydrogel used as a positive control. PD hydrogel appeared to possess enhanced in vivo residence stability on the injury sites compared
The main complication that may arise after surgery is the formation of adhesions. The current trend in the prevention of postoperative adhesions is the application of anti-adhesive barrier materials for the separation of wound tissue during the critical period of mesothelial repair and healing. In this work, cryogels based on pectin and chitosan were obtained by the ionic cryotropic gelation method. It was found that the Heracleum L. pectin cryogels are more elastic (73 ± 6 kPa) than the apple pectin cryogels (29 ± 11 kPa). The addition of chitosan with different physical and chemical characteristics did not significantly affect the elasticity of pectin–chitosan cryogels. The greatest swelling ability was achieved during in vivo incubation of Heracleum L. pectin cryogels and Heracleum L. pectin with reacetylated chitosan cryogels (17.1 ± 1.6 and 14.2 ± 2.0 g/g, respectively). It was found that the complete biodegradation of apple pectin cryogels occurred within 24 h of incubation in the rat abdominal cavity. Heracleum L. pectin cryogels were encapsulated in a fibrous capsule and detected in the abdominal cavity after 168 h. Maximum anti-adhesion effect was observed through the use of apple pectin cryogels (0 ± 0.5 score). Significant anti-adhesive effect was also observed through the use of apple pectin–reacetylated chitosan cryogels (1 ± 0.5 score). Due to the high anti-adhesive activity, such cryogels can be recommended for the development of a new barrier material for use in surgery. The potential anti-adhesive mechanism of apple pectin cryogels which may be attributed to a combination of barrier function and bioactivity of cryogels components was discussed.
Isoproterenol in high doses induces infarction-like myocardial damage and structural and functional remodelling of the ventricular myocardium. The purpose of the present study was to investigate ventricular repolarization in a rat model of isoproterenol-induced heart failure. Isoproterenol was administered twice to female Wistar rats (170 mg/kg, s.c., 24 h apart). Four weeks after the injections, cardiac output was measured and unipolar epicardial ventricular electrograms were recorded in situ. Activation-recovery intervals were calculated to assess repolarization. Histological examination of the heart ventricles was also performed. Heart failure in rats treated with isoproterenol was indicated by myocardial histopathological damage and reduced cardiac output. In rats with heart failure, the regional differences in activation-recovery interval prolongation over the ventricular epicardium resulted in increasing heterogeneity in the activation-recovery interval distribution and increasing repolarization heterogeneity of the ventricular subepicardium. Myocardial damage and haemodynamic changes in heart failure induced by isoproterenol were accompanied by significant changes in ventricular repolarization, which were not associated with myocardial hypertrophy.
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