The article presents certain features of Sambian-Natangian culture in the Roman Period. The author directly links characteristics of the social structure of Aestian society, which formed at the turn of the B 2 /C 1-C 2 periods, to the nature of the amber trade, in which members of Sambian-Natangian culture participated widely. It is possible to draw some conclusions on the basis of the interrelations revealed, and to attempt to give a very general and subjective reconstruction of the Aestian social structure which had developed by the end of the Roman Period.
The field research at Groß ottenhagen (Berezovka) conducted in 2003 and 2004 was the first international scientific collaboration between German and russian archaeologists in kaliningrad region since 1945. The Groß ottenhagen cemetery demonstrates almost continuous functioning for about 1,000 years, from the roman iron Age up to the middle Ages. The part of the site considered in the article belongs to the last stage of the development of sambian-natangian culture among the old Prussians in the 11th to the 13th centuries Ad. despite a first analysis by the excavators in 2005, this data from the cemetery has never been fully published. Groß ottenhagen graves from the discussed period are represented by so-called double layer burial features, with human cremations on top of horse burials. The burial rites and grave goods at the cemetery are discussed in the context of archaeological material from the sambian peninsula and southwest and central lithuania. The relative chronology of Groß ottenhagen is based on an analysis of grave goods, as well as the stratigraphy and the spatial distribution of the graves. According to the absence of imported/status goods at Groß ottenhagen, the cemetery probably belonged to a peripheral group of the late sambian-natangian region culture of the Prussians.Prussians, Early medieval period, archival archaeology, cremation graves, burial rite, typo-chronology, natangia
В статье рассматриваются предметы вооружения, найденные в ходе исследования некрополя Альт-Велау и позволяющие охарактеризовать материальную культуру, связанную с военной службой пруссов Тевтонскому ордену. Для этой цели изучены состав и морфологические особенности 140 предметов, найденных в 63 погребениях XIII-XV вв., а также в пахотном горизонте и относящихся преимущественно к наступательному вооружению (мечи, копья, дротики, топоры, булава, кинжалы). В их составе наблюдается постепенный отказ от богато украшенных «парадных» предметов вследствие уравнения статусов знати и рядовых общинников, а также обращение к компактным видам оружия (копьям и кинжалам), пригодным для использования в легкой коннице. При этом морфологические изменения копий (удлинение и сужение лезвия для борьбы с броней) свидетельствуют о принятии пруссами новых явлений в военном деле. The paper explores weapons items that were found by research of necropolis Alt-Wehlau and gives an insight into the material culture related to the military service of the Prussians for the Teutonic Order. For this goal the composition and morphological features of 140 items found in 63 graves dating to the 13th - 15th centuries as well as in ploughing horizon that are mainly referred to offensive weapons (swords, spears, javelins, axes, a mace, and daggers) were examined. The analysis of their composition demonstrates a gradual transition from richly decorated items to less ornate weapons because of fewer differences in the status of the noble and that of the commoners, as well as use of smaller size types of weapons (e. g. spears and daggers) suitable to be used by light cavalry. At the same time, morphological changes of spears (lengthening and narrowing of the blade to fight against the armour) indicate that the Prussians adopted new trends in the military matters
Объектом изучения стал клад римских монет, обнаруженный к юго-западу от автодороги Мельниково—Каштановка. Он был схоронен в деревянном ящике с бронзовыми ручками. Сокровище состояло из латунных монет италийского чекана. Большая их часть значительно изношена. Многие монеты так сильно потерты, что значительно потеряли в весе. Но, судя по факту их обнаружения в составе клада, их продолжали ценить. Приходим к выводу, что объект нашего исследования не являлся скоплением металлических предметов, ценимых за материал, из которого они были изготовлены. Он представляет собой денежное сокровище, составленное из хорошо известных в регионе платежных средств. Полагаем, что римская латунная монета в изобилии поступала в регион при императорах «золотого века» в обмен за янтарь. Заключаем, что население самбийско-натангийской культуры ценило разменные деньги римского чекана как средства платежа и накопления. The object of the study was a hoard of Roman coins discovered to the Southwest of the Melnikovo—Kashtanovka highway. He was buried in a wooden box with bronze handles. The treasure consisted of brass coins of the Italic minting. Most of them are significantly worn out. Many coins are so badly worn that they have lost significant weight. But, judging by the fact of their discovery in the treasure, they continued to be appreciated. We come to the conclusion that the object of our research was not a collection of metal objects valued for the material from which they were made. It is a treasure of money, made up of well-known means of payment in the region. We believe that Roman brass coins came to the region in abundance under the emperors of the “golden age” in exchange for amber. We conclude that the population of the Sambian-Natangian culture valued the change money of the Roman coinage as a means of payment and accumulation.
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