This article reviews research on physical education (PE) teachers’ professionalization considering their relative position at schools and in the community as well as their control over the lesson formation. The position considers issues of prestige, status and esteem while lesson formation regards constitutional, organizational and physical frames. Despite limitations connected mainly to cross-country generalization issues, some major tendencies can be described. In relation to prestige there is a shortage of qualified personnel, while portraying status, signs of marginalization and isolation at schools can be showed. Depicting esteem, PE teachers’ own perceptions are rather positive, while pupils, colleagues and parents show some mistrust. Focusing on constitutional frames, PE teachers’ role in curriculum implementation is complex. The impact of organizational frames is obvious as available teaching time for PE is eroded. The issue of physical frames is serious as a gap exists between curriculum and facilities, equipment as well as available educational material.
This study aims to highlight students’ beliefs about physical education (PE). The specific objectives are a) to describe students’ behavioural, normative, and control beliefs; b) to establish patterns between the three belief domains; and c) to analyse the impact of the PE lesson frequency on beliefs. A nationwide random stratified sample of 1,736 ninth-grade students in Sweden completed the study’s questionnaire, while the high response rate and the low internal dropout rate support the generalizability of the findings. The data analysis focused on three student groups based on lesson frequency of one, two, and three or more times weekly. On average, students’ answers indicated overwhelmingly positive beliefs. A second-order model with very close fit indexes showed similarities among the three groups. However, testing for the equivalence of the latent mean structures indicated a group non-invariant solution. The study demonstrates interrelation patterns among behavioural, normative, and control beliefs and significant associations between lesson frequency and beliefs.
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