The European Union’s climate policy and the energy transition associated with it force individual countries, their economies and their industrial sectors to carry out thorough changes, often of a deep, high-cost and restructuring nature. The aim of the article is to provide a multidimensional assessment of the forms and effects of the restructuring of coal mining companies in Poland in light of the current energy transition process. The research problem is encapsulated within the following two interdependent questions: Has the restructuring process allowed the coal mining industry to achieve sufficient efficiency to sustainably compete in the open market, and to what extent, if at all, have the objectives of restructuring been achieved from the perspective of changes in the energy mix? The research covers all coal mining companies included in the official statistics. It adopts a long-term perspective (1990–2020), dating from the beginning of the systemic transformation in Poland. The research involved the use of multivariate financial analysis methods, including the logit model for predicting the degree of financial threat, as well as taxonomic methods for assessing the dissimilarity of structures and their concentration. The general conclusion of the research is that there has been a lack of consistency (follow-up) between the forms and effects of restructuring in coal mining companies in Poland on the one hand and changes in the composition of the country’s energy mix as a result of the energy transition on the other. In particular, this means that such restructuring, being neither effective nor efficient, has failed to accelerate change in the energy mix.
The article attempts to find a relationship between investment decisions taken in manufacturing companies and changes in the level of employment, and to determine the correlation between the intensity of changes in analyzed relationships. The aim of the article is to analyze the relationship between the value and intensity (rate) of changes in investment decisions taken by small, medium and large production companies, and their impact on the change in employment in the surveyed size classes of enterprises in Poland in 1995-2018. In order to indicate the existing correlation, the value of investment outlays and their impact on employment change for the current period was compared. Linear regression models were used to assess the degree of interdependence, and the results of the analysis indicated that investment decisions made by manufacturing companies are not a determinant of changes taking place in the level of their employment. In addition, the results of correlations showed in manufacturing enterprises that there was a negative correlation between the measures analyzed excluding medium units. The research showed that not only investment growth and its impact on employment are important, but also its appropriate level (rate).
Financial inclusion, which consists of having a financial system that is easily accessible to citizens, is identified by various international organizations such as the new UN Agenda 2030, as a priority objective. This objective is particularly relevant in rural areas, where access to these services is more difficult, as citizens have to travel several kilometers to access them. In this study, we analyze the current situation of the Polish financial sector in terms of its accessibility, in order to measure the degree of financial inclusion. For this purpose, we use three combined methodologies. Initially, a data extraction from the Central Bank of Poland was carried out. Subsequently, three methodologies are applied to calculate financial inclusion. First, we apply the criteria of the Financial Access Survey (FAS) of the International Monetary Fund. Secondly, the Access to Cash Index (ACI) methodology by calculating a score that describes the access to banking services according to certain items. Finally, we applied the nearest neighbor methodology to detect in each voivodship those points where it is most difficult (measured in km distance) to access banking services. Some areas, especially in rural areas of the different voivodeships, present certain problems when it comes to accessing banking services. Therefore, the fulfillment of SDG 8.10 will be more difficult to achieve in these areas. The public authorities must pay attention to this, in order to reach the commitments acquired with the 2030 agenda, in terms of financial inclusion.
Objective: This study aims to characterise the phenomenon of depopulation in the rural environment from the point of view of the opportunities offered by technology-based rural entrepreneurship as a lever that promotes population fixation and the economic dynamisation of the most depressed territories subject to the economic and social imbalances generated by depopulation. Research Design & Methods: The research approach is based on the application of case studies as an empirical research technique. In particular, the strategy for the promotion of rural start-ups in CyL – the largest European region and one of the Spanish regions most affected by the negative consequences of depopulation – is analysed. Findings: Empirical evidence has shown that economic conditions have impacted the extent and duration of migration flows from rural areas to a more industrialised urban environment. Thus, in recent decades, the spatial distribution of the population has taken shape characterised by strong concentrations in large cities as opposed to the dispersion and low density of the population in large areas of the territory. Implications / Recommendations: The promotion of rural entrepreneurship through the development of specific actions to encourage the creation of start-up companies could be a solution to the demographic challenge. Contribution / Value Added: The creation of a regional entrepreneurial ecosystem has been possible owing to the financing, growth, scaling, and business internationalisation programmes promoted by the regional government.
One of the many factors affecting the economic potential and development of an enterprise are investments. The investment outlays for maintaining or increasing the economic potential decide not only about the development of enterprises, but also their current functioning. While accuracy of investment decisions is very important in investment, so also are the internal conditions that are closely related to the economic condition of the company. The main purpose of the article is to identify the impact of the financial situation and the strength of this impact on investment decisions of enterprises. This has been tested on a sample of over 50 thousand Polish enterprises employing over 9 people that was collected by the CSO's public statistics in Warsaw for the period 1996-2017. The study was conducted using regression and correlation analysis for comparable periods, as well as by taking into account the delay effect, i.e. the impact of the result obtained in year t on investment decisions in year t + 1.
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