The Integrated Satellite-Terrestrial Networks (ISTNs) with Software-Defined Networking (SDN) incorporated have become the emerging architecture and have attracted considerable attention recently. Therein, the joint gateway and controller placement problem is of fundamental significance for designing ISTNs with flexible and efficient management capabilities. Hence, how to achieve network reliability maximization with low network latency in the joint placement problem is worthy of in-depth study. In this paper, a network partition algorithm, Simulated Annealing Partition-based K-means (SAPKM), is proposed and analyzed for further ameliorating the problem. Experiments are performed on real network topologies to validate the effectiveness of our approach for the joint placement problem. Compared with the state-of-the-art existing works, numerical results show that SAPKM outperforms when deploying four or more controllers in terms of network reliability performance, network latency, and inter-plane latency with less than 2 ms to converge.
The capability of flexible network management makes it available to incorporate softwaredefined networking (SDN) in the wide area network (WAN). Thereinto, multiple controllers are deployed in the software-defined wide area network (SDWAN) to tackle the performance bottleneck. Thus, how to effectively solve the load balancing problem in the control plane towards SDWAN under different constraints is worthy of further study. In order to achieve load balancing among the distributed controllers, we proposed a low-complexity controller placement algorithm, Simulated Annealing Partition-based K-Means (SAPKM), towards SDWAN. Meanwhile, two cost functions were proposed as the load balancing indices to assess the efficiency of the proposed algorithm from the perspective of topology structure and flow traffic distribution, respectively. Simulations were performed by using actual topologies on Topology Zoo with different sizes and different structures. Experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of SAPKM in reducing both average load and load balancing indices with propagation latency and network reliability performance enhanced simultaneously. INDEX TERMS Software-defined wide area network (SDWAN), controller placement, load balancing, propagation latency, network reliability.
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