Parking demand exceeding parking supply and uneven parking demand distribution are the existing conflicts in city centers. Parking pricing is frequently utilized to manage parking resources. This study aims to assess different parking pricing strategies through simulations for providing operational suggestions for urban parking managers. Two widely used parking pricing strategies in China combined with an optimized parking pricing strategy are proposed and compared. We introduce an agent-based simulation system to describe the parking and traffic conditions. Various measures of effectiveness under different parking pricing strategies can be obtained via agent-based simulations. We then construct a comprehensive benefit combining average cost and failure rate. Results show that the second strategy with charging different parking fees by considering locations and third optimized strategy can effectively improve traffic efficiency. However, the second strategy may lead to higher average cost than that of the third one. Thus, the third optimized strategy performs the best and can be used to optimize the parking policy of parking managers in the future. The entire assessment through simulations can provide evaluation suggestions for parking managers to adjust parking policies.Sustainability 2020, 12, 2056 2 of 13 estimate the changes in car usage and parking location utilization [4]. Kelly and Clinch (2006) analyzed a survey on 1007 on-street parkers in Dublin, Ireland, and found a progressively widening gap in price sensitivity between trips made for business and nonbusiness purposes [5]. Public acceptance of increased parking fare is an important issue. Bonsall and Young (2010) developed a charge strategy based on public acceptance. Their analysis suggested that the combined effect might be beneficial to the local economy and yield a net increase in revenue although the removal of parking charges would reduce revenues [6]. Jansson (2010) believed that the taxation of the free or highly subsidized parking provided by employers in city centers could be extremely useful for alleviating urban congestion [7]. The second category of research focuses on the impact of parking charging methods on parking behavior. Caicedo (2011) analyzed the parking charge in terms of minutes to obtain its impact on parking turnover and revenues [8]. Zhang and Zhu (2016) introduced a critical value of user-acceptable parking fee into a parking choice model and analyzed the influence of parking fee on drivers' parking choice and roadside parking utilization [9]. Dale et al. (2017) assessed the impact of workplace parking tax on local traffic congestion in Nottingham and found that traffic congestion is immensely alleviated by the said tax [10]. Gao et al. (2018) proposed a price-based tradable credit scheme to minimize social costs by optimizing the credit scheme and the number and location of parking and transfer stations [11]. Cai et al. (2018) proposed a parking space allocation method based on open window, parking fee, and reservation rat...
At present, many new urban areas adopt the transit-oriented development (TOD) exploitation concept to achieve sustainable urban development, accurately predict parking demand under TOD exploitation, determine factors that influence demand, and establish demand models that are essential to the formation of a reasonable traffic structure in the new urban area. The present study aims to establish a scientific and reasonable parking demand model for TOD exploitation in new urban areas. Influencing factors of parking demand in new urban areas under the concept of TOD are determined, and a framework for a parking demand model is constructed. A travel cost measurement model for travel structures at different travel distances is established, considering travel cost as the core element, given that it affects the travel structure at different distances. Finally, taking the Hangzhou Bay New District as an example, the costs of various travel structures under TOD exploitation are calculated, and the reasonable parking demand is calculated. From the perspective of parking management, the concept of TOD is effectively supported.
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