Background: Obesity is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) disease. Abdominal fat is composed of abdominal subcutaneous fat and intra-abdominal (visceral) fat. Computed tomography (CT) is considered one of the most accurate and reliable methods for assessing abdominal fat. Introduction: The present study was based on evaluating abdominal fat by computed tomography, and the determination of association between CT obtained abdominal fat volumes, anthropometric indices, and lipid profile. Methods: The prospective study was carried out on 120 subjects referred to the Radiology department for a CT scan. Non - contrast CT scan was performed with 5 mm slice thickness. Abdominal fat volumes were recorded by using CT attenuation values (- 250 to -50 HU). The section was selected at the level of the umbilicus (L4-L5). Intra-abdominal fat and subcutaneous fat volumes were calculated. Body Mass Index (BMI) and lipid profile were recorded for each subject. A comparative study of the CT values, BMI, and lipid profile was undertaken. Results: In the present study, by comparing the anthropometric parameters, CT findings, and lipid profile and blood parameters of the obese and non-obese groups by sex revealed significant sex differences in all the parameters under study. It was also found that the obese male and female groups showed a high prevalence of diabetes, Non-Alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and hypertension than non-obese groups. These finding also adds for the chances of getting cardiovascular diseases specifically in obese individuals. The results found that in obese males and females the abdominal fat-related parameters Visceral fatty acid (VFA) and subcutaneous fatty acid (SFA) showed highly significant relation to anthropometric parameters like BMI, waist circumference (WC) and waist/hip (W/H) ratio on the other hand blood parameters high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), total cholesterol and triglycerides to some extent have a significant relation to abdominal fat-related parameters. In non-obese groups, by studying the influence of anthropometric parameters on abdominal fat-related parameters, it was revealed that WC was strongly affected by the VFA in both sexes. In obese females, more fat was accumulated in the VFA and SFA and for obese males in SFA and for non-obese males in total fatty acid (TFA). Conclusion: Computed tomography assessed visceral fat area remains the most sensitive independent predictor of cardiovascular risk.
Ureteral herniation into the scrotum is rare and often associated with congenital abnormalities or postoperative anatomic changes. A high index of suspicion is needed to avoid intraoperative ureteric injuries. A 50-year-old man with ureteric herniation into an inguinoscrotal hernia reported acute left flank pain and had a history of recurrent urinary tract infections. Contrast-enhanced computed tomographic evaluation revealed a left ureter extending from the pelvis into the scrotum through the inguinal canal. Screening ultrasound of the scrotum revealed the intrascrotal extension of the ureter along with the other hernial contents and diagnosed as a Paraperitoneal inguinal herniation of the ureter. Various cross-sectional imaging modalities, including Ultrasound, provide good anatomic details that can diagnose the presence of a herniated ureter.
Objective: T2 inversion sequence is used in routine radiology practice mainly to heighten contrast resolution within the region to be studied but no evidence exists in current literature to assess it's true efficacy for lumbar disc degeneration. The objective of this study was to analyse T2 inversion and evaluate it's efficacy in assessment of lumbar disc pathology,. Materials and methods: This retrospective single-centre study included 50 randomly selected patients presenting with back pain and radiculopathy. T2 inversion sequence was obtained in both axial and sagittal planes in addition to routine sequences. All the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) procedures were performed on 3T. One senior Musculoskeletal (MSK) radiologist, 2 general radiologists and a spinal surgeon blinded to final results reviewed images for the various disc pathologies individually analysing conventional and T2 inversion images. Data was analysed using Fischer's test and Chi 2 test with a p value of <0.05 considered as significant. Results: Fifty randomly selected patients (mean age was 47.3 years(range 35e55 years) with back pain and radicular symptoms were included. The spectrum of disc pathologies included protrusions, annular fissures, discal cysts and calcified discs. Based on the above findings, T2 inversion sequence is not proved to be an alternative imaging sequence to routine MR imaging sequences for the depiction of various disc pathologies. Conclusion: T2 inversion sequence does not increase the depiction of various lumbar disc pathologies in comparison with conventional sequences when used by experienced MSK radiologists. It may highlight abnormalities better for relatively inexperienced readers such as general radiologists and spinal surgeons.
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