Economic dispatch of electrical power is very important in the sense it saves lot of money by employing an optimization method based on the required performance index resulting in optimal power flow. In classical Economic Dispatch (ED) method all units are committed. In Unit Commitment (UC) method all the units need not be committed and they are committed based on the load demand during that interval. In Unit Commitment with Economic Dispatch (UCED) method, required number of units is committed like in UC and optimization method of ED is employed to find optimal power flow for this state. As a case study a ten-unit power system is considered. ED and UC problems of this system are solved using PSO algorithm. UCED method is also implemented for the same system. The results show that UCED method is more efficient.
In the present scenario of cyber-physical power grid, DC State Estimation (SE) plays a key role in the secure and reliable operation of power systems. Advanced communication and information technological devices like Remote Terminal Units'/Phasor Measurement Units' measurement values are more prone to false/bad attack vectors. Those typical attacks that target SE are called False Data Injection Attacks (FDIAs) which can bypass classical detection methods. Load Redistribution Attacks (LRAs) are practical FDIAs that aim active bus power injections and active line power flows. Immediate LRAs lead to severe load shedding whereas delayed ones lead to load shedding and line outages too. To find the most damaging LRA vector, a bi-level mathematical optimization problem is framed, which represents attacker and defender. An optimal defense strategy is found by obtaining the Nash equilibrium on solving a two-player (attacker and defender) static zero-sum game considering load shedding as the utility function. The approach is analyzed on IEEE-30 bus test system, and attack and defense probabilities at Nash equilibrium are obtained.
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