rosetting. This is consistent with expectations that elevated signals of selection due to allele-specific acquired immunity are likely to operate on antigenic targets. Collectively, our data suggest a recent expansion of Pf population in Togo and evidence strong host immune selection on membrane/surface antigens reflected in signals of balancing/positive selection of important gene loci. Findings from this study provide a fundamental basis to engage studies for effective malaria control in Togo.
Malaria particularly burdens people in poor and neglected settings across the tropics of Africa. Meanwhile, a large proportion of the Togo population have poor understanding of malaria epidemiology and parasites. This study carried out a molecular survey of malaria cases in southern Togo during 2017–2019. We estimated Plasmodium species infection rates and microscopic examination compliance with nested PCR results. Sensitivity and specificity analyses were performed in conjunction with predictive values. Also, phylogenetic characterization of species of malaria parasites was assessed. Plasmodium genus-specific nested PCR identified 565 positive cases including 536/611 (87.8%) confirmed cases from the microscopy-positive group and 29/199 (14.6%) diagnosed malaria cases from the microscopy-negative group. Our findings revealed a disease prevalence (69.8%) higher than that reported (25.5–55.1%) for the country. The diagnostic test had 94.9% sensitivity and 69.4% specificity, i.e., it missed 120 of the people who had malaria and about one-third of the people tested positive for the disease, which they did not have, respectively. In conjunction, the test showed 87.7% positive predictive value and 85.4% negative predictive value, which, from a clinical perspective, indicates the chance that a person with a positive diagnostic test truly has the disease and the probability that a person with a negative test does not have the disease, respectively. Further species-specific nested PCR followed by analysis of gene sequences confirmed species of malaria parasites and indicated infection rates for Plasmodium falciparum (Pf), 95.5% (540/565); P. ovale (Po), 0.5% (3/565); and P. malariae (Pm), 0.4% (2/565). In addition, 20 cases were coinfection cases of Pf-Po (15/565) and Pf-Pm (5/565). This study publicly reports, for the first time, a molecular survey of malaria cases in Togo and reveals the presence of other malaria parasites (Po and Pm) other than Pf. These findings might provide answers to some basic questions on the malaria scenario and, knowledge gained could help with intervention deployment for effective malaria control in Togo.
L’alimentation, facteur environnemental déterminant est indispensable pour une production avicole de qualité. Face aux contraintes alimentaires, différentes matières premières non conventionnelles ont été introduites dans les rations de la volaille avec l’usage des matières grasses. Le but de cette étude a été d’évaluer l’effet de l’huile de neem sur les performances zootechniques, les caractéristiques de la carcasse et les paramètres biochimiques sériques des poulets de chair à croissance lente ; par la méthode d’alimentation d’un lot test avec de la nourriture contenant de l’huile de neem, par rapport à un lot témoin avec de la nourriture dépourvue de l’huile de neem. Jusqu’à cinq semaines d’âge de traitement avec des concentrations respectives de 0,25% (T0,25), 0,50% (T0,50), 0,75% (T0,75) et 1% (T1), les individus du lot T0,50 ont montré la meilleur Indice de Consommation et un gain considérable de poids par rapport aux autres lots et au lot témoin. Il a été aussi démontré que, les poulets traités ont présenté une longueur de l’intestin plus élevée et un poids du cœur plus faible que les témoins. L’alimentation des volailles avec de la nourriture à base d’huile de neem auraient donc un effet bénéfique sur les performances de production. Ces résultats pourraient apporter une contribution à l’amélioration de la production des poulets de chair. English title: Evaluation of the trophic effect of neem oil (Azadirachta indica) in Sasso strain broilers Feed, a determining environmental factor, is essential for quality poultry production. Due to dietary constraints, different non-conventional raw materials have been introduced in poultry rations with the use of fats. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of neem oil on zootechnical performance, carcass characteristics, and serum biochemical parameters of slow growing broilers; by feeding a test batch with feed containing neem oil, compared to a control batch with feed without neem oil. Five week chicks were given neem oil feed with concentrations of 0.25 (T0.25), 0.50 (T0.50), 0.75 (T0.75), and 1% (T1), respectively. The individuals of the T0.50 batch showed the best Consumption Index and a considerable weight gain compared to the other batches and the control batch. The treated chickens also showed an increase gut length and a decrease heart weight than those of the controls. Feeding chickens with neem oil feed showed a beneficial effect on production performance. These results could contribute to the improvement of broiler production.
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