In this paper, we have investigated the effect of material orthotropy on the formability of metallic sheets subjected to dynamic biaxial stretching. For that purpose, we have devised an original three-pronged methodology which includes a linear stability analysis, a nonlinear two-zone model and finite element calculations. We have studied 5 different materials whose mechanical behavior is described with an elastic isotropic, plastic anisotropic constitutive model with yielding based on Hill (1948) criterion. The linear stability analysis and the nonlinear two-zone model are extensions of the formulations developed by Zaera et al. (2015) and Jacques (2020), respectively, to consider Hill (1948) plasticity. The finite element calculations are performed with ABAQUS/Explicit (2016) using the unit-cell model developed by Rodríguez-Martínez et al. (2017), which includes a sinusoidal spatial imperfection to favor necking localization. The predictions of the stability analysis and the two-zone model are systematically compared against the finite element results -which are considered as the reference approach to validate the theoretical models-for loading paths ranging from plane strain stretching to equibiaxial stretching, and for different strain rates ranging from 100 s −1 to 50000 s −1 . The stability analysis and the two-zone model yield the same overall trends obtained with the finite element simulations for the 5 materials investigated, and for most of the strain rates and loading paths the agreement for the necking strains is also quantitative. Notably, the differences between the finite element results and the two-zone model rarely go beyond 5%. Altogether, the results presented in this work provide new insights into the mechanisms which control dynamic formability of anisotropic metallic sheets.

At high strain rates, the fragmentation of expanding structures of ductile materials, in general, starts by the localization of plastic deformation in multiple necks. Two distinct mechanisms have been proposed to explain multiple necking and fragmentation process in ductile materials. One view is that the necking pattern is related to the distribution of material properties and defects. The second view is that it is due to the activation of specific instability modes of the structure. Following this, we investigate the emergence of necking patterns in porous ductile bars subjected to dynamic stretching at strain rates varying from 10 to 0.5×10 using finite-element calculations and linear stability analysis. In the calculations, the initial porosity (representative of the material defects) varies randomly along the bar. The computations revealed that, while the random distribution of initial porosity triggers the necking pattern, it barely affects the average neck spacing, especially, at higher strain rates. The average neck spacings obtained from the calculations are in close agreement with the predictions of the linear stability analysis. Our results also reveal that the necking pattern does not begin when the Considère condition is reached but is significantly delayed due to the stabilizing effect of inertia.

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This paper investigates both theoretically and using finite elements the elastoplastic field induced by a pressurized spherical cavity expanding dynamically in an infinite medium modelled using the Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman porous plasticity approach. The theoretical model, which assumes that the porosity is uniformly distributed in the material and the cavitation fields are self-similar, incorporates artificial viscous stresses into the original formulation of Cohen and Durban (2013b) to capture the shock waves that emerge at high cavitation velocities. The finite element calculations, performed in ABAQUS/Explicit (2013) using the Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian adaptive meshing available in the code, simulate the cavity expansion process in materials with uniform and non-uniform distributions of porosity. The finite element results show that the distribution of porosity has small influence on the cavitation velocity, as well as on the location of the shock wave, which are primarily determined by the cavity pressure and the average material properties. In contrast, it is shown that the intensity of the shock wave, evaluated based on the maximum value of the plastic strain rate within the shock, depends on the local material porosity. The ability of the theoretical model to reproduce the numerical results obtained for the various distributions of porosity used in this work is exposed and discussed.

bines the effects of loading rate, material properties and unit cell size. Our results show that low initial porosity levels favor necking before fracture, and high initial porosity levels favor fracture before necking, especially at high loading rates where inertia effects delay the onset of necking. The finite element results are also compared with the predictions of linear stability analysis of necking instabilities in porous ductile materials.