ABSTRACT. The incidence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in broiler farms was 33.9% (19/56). C. jejuni-positive flocks accounted for 20.0% (17/85) and C. coli-positive ones was 4.7% (4/85). There were 14 patterns (fla type) of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of flagellin A gene among these 22 strains of C. jejuni and C. coli including the standard strain C. jejuni ATCC 33560. Different fla types of Campylobacter were isolated from broilers in different growing cycles on the same farms. Four strains of C. jejuni were isolated from four breeder farms and four fla types of C. jejuni were detected from their progenies reared on growing farms. Three fla types of C. jejuni detected from the progenies were different from those of each breeder. Also, the other three fla types of C. jejuni were detected from different progenies of each growing farm during the next growing cycle. These findings indicate that the RFLP analysis may contribute to epidemiological studies of C. jejuni and C. coli contamination of broilers and suggest the risk of contamination with different types of Campylobacter in every growing cycle of broilers on the farm even on the same farm. They also supported that there was little likeliness of the vertical transmission of C. jejuni and C. coli from breeders to broilers. -KEY WORDS : broiler, Campylobacter jejuni, flagellin gene typing, PCR, restriction fragment length polymorphism.

Abstract:The Karvonen formula, which is widely used to estimate exercise intensity, contains maximum heart rate, HRmax, as a variable. This study employed pedaling experiments to assess which of the proposed formulas for calculating HRmax was the most suitable for use with the Karvonen formula. First, two kinds of experiments involving an ergometer were performed: an all-in-one-day experiment that tested eight pedaling loads in one day, and a one-load-per-day experiment that tested one load per day for eight days. A comparison of the data on 7 subjects showed that the all-in-one-day type of experiment was better for assessing HRmax formulas, at least for the load levels tested in our experiments. A statistical analysis of the experimental data on 47 subjects showed two of the HRmax formulas to be suitable for use in the Karvonen formula to estimate exercise intensity for males in their 20 s. In addition, the physical characteristics of a person having the greatest impact on exercise intensity were determined.

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Introduction Several studies have examined the incidence of childhood T1DM in Japan from the 1970s onwards, but none have been long‐term studies using registration data. We estimate the incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) from 1986 to 2018 in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan. Methods We began a population‐based, long‐term study of childhood T1DM in 1986 involving every hospital paediatrics department in Yamanashi Prefecture. In the Prefecture, every child newly diagnosed with T1DM is referred to a hospital, and therefore, almost 100% of new patients aged <15 years are registered. We calculated the incidence of T1DM among children aged <15 years from 1986 to 2018. All cases met the Japan Diabetes Society diagnostic criteria and were tested for T1DM‐related autoantibodies whenever possible. Results Ninety‐nine patients (44 boys and 55 girls) were newly diagnosed with T1DM. The annual incidence among 5‐ to 9‐year‐olds increased by 5.35% over the study period (95% confidence interval 2.34%‐8.35%, p = .0005), and there was a trend towards increasing 3‐year incidence (15.52% increase, p = .0516). There were also trends towards increasing annual and 3‐year incidence among 0‐ to 14‐year‐olds. However, there were no changes over time in annual or 3‐year incidence in the 0–4 year or 10–14 year age groups. Conclusions The incidence of T1DM in Yamanashi Prefecture increased among children aged 0‐14 years over the study period, with the most significant increase occurring among 5‐ to 9‐year‐olds. These data suggest that the number of children aged <15 years with T1DM is gradually increasing in one of the local prefectures in Japan, Yamanashi Prefecture and that the age of onset is decreasing.

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Background Grip strength measurement is widely used in daily medical practice, and it has been reported that the grip strength decreases in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). However, conventional grip dynamometers evaluate only the maximum power of total grip strength and cannot measure the time course of grip motion. In this report, we aimed to determine the grip characteristics of CTS patients by measuring the time course of each finger’s grip motion and to analyze the relationship between finger grip strength and subjective symptoms using this new grip system. Methods The grip strength of each finger was measured using the new grip system that has four pressure sensors on the grip parts of each finger of the Smedley grip dynamometer. We analyzed the time course of grip motion and relationship between finger grip strength and subjective symptoms in 104 volunteer and 51 CTS hands. The Japanese Society for Surgery of the Hand version of the Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Instrument (CTSI-JSSH) and the Disability of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire (DASH) were used as subjective evaluation scores. Results In the CTS group, the grip time with the index, middle, and ring fingers was longer, and the time at which strength was lost after reaching the maximum was earlier. Patients with severe subjective symptoms tended to not use the index and middle fingers during grip motion. Conclusions This new system that measures each finger’s grip strength at one time and record the time course of grip motion could quantify a patient’s symptoms easily and objectively, which may contribute to the evaluation of hand function.