Carbonyl stress is a condition featuring increased rich reactive carbonyl compounds, which facilitate the formation of advanced glycation end products including pentosidine. We previously reported the relationship between enhanced carbonyl stress and disrupted white matter integrity in schizophrenia, although which microstructural component is disrupted remained unclear. In this study, 32 patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) and 45 age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers (HC) were recruited. We obtained blood samples for carbonyl stress markers (plasma pentosidine and serum pyridoxal) and multi-modal magnetic resonance imaging measures of white matter microstructures including apparent axonal density (intra-cellular volume fraction (ICVF)) and orientation (orientation dispersion index (ODI)), and inflammation (free water (FW)). In SCZ, the plasma pentosidine level was significantly increased. Group comparison revealed that mean white matter values were decreased for ICVF, and increased for FW. We found a significant negative correlation between the plasma pentosidine level and mean ICVF values in SCZ, and a significant negative correlation between the serum pyridoxal level and mean ODI value in HC, regardless of age. Our results suggest an association between enhanced carbonyl stress and axonal abnormality in SCZ.
Carbonyl stress is a condition featuring increased rich reactive carbonyl compounds, which facilitate the formation of advanced glycation end products including pentosidine. We previously reported the relationship between enhanced carbonyl stress and disrupted white matter integrity in schizophrenia, although which microstructural component is disrupted remained unclear. In this study, 32 patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) and 45 age-and gender-matched healthy volunteers (HC) were recruited. We obtained blood samples for carbonyl stress markers (plasma pentosidine and serum pyridoxal) and multi-modal magnetic resonance imaging measures of white mater microstructures including apparent axonal density (intra-cellular volume fraction (ICVF)) and orientation (orientation dispersion index (ODI)), myelin content (calibrated T1-weigted/T2-weighted image ratio), and inflammation (free water (FW)). In SCZ, the plasma pentosidine level was significantly increased. Group comparison revealed that mean white matter values were decreased for ICVF, increased for FW, and not different for the myelin component. We found a significant negative correlation between the plasma pentosidine level and mean ICVF values in SCZ, and a significant negative correlation between the serum pyridoxal level and mean ODI value in HC, regardless of age. Our results suggest an association between enhanced carbonyl stress and axonal abnormality in SCZ.
Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a cerebrovascular disease causing steno-occlusive changes in the arteries of the circle of Willis and hemodynamic impairment. A previous study reported that parenchymal extracellular free water may be increased and neurites may be decreased in this disease population. The aim of this study was to investigate the postoperative changes in parenchymal free water and neurites and their relationship with cognitive improvement. Multishell diffusion magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 15 hemispheres of 13 adult patients with MMD (11 female, average age: 37.9 years) who had undergone revascularization surgery and 13 normal controls. Parameter maps of free water and free-water eliminated neurites were created, and regional parameter values were compared among controls, patients before the surgery and patients after the surgery. Compared with normal controls, most regions in the hemispheres of the patients showed a significant increase in free water before surgery (P≤.007) and a significant decrease in free water after surgery (P≤.001). The change in the dispersion of the white matter significantly correlated with cognitive improvement (r=-0.75). In patients with MMD, increased parenchymal free water may be decreased after surgery, and the neurite parameter may be related to cognitive improvement.
Cognitive dysfunction, especially memory impairment, is a typical clinical feature of long-term symptoms caused by repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (rmTBI). The current study aims to investigate the relationship between regional brain atrophy and cognitive impairments in retired athletes with a long history of rmTBI. Overall, 27 retired athletes with a history of rmTBI (18 boxers, 3 kickboxers, 2 wrestlers, and 4 others; rmTBI group) and 23 age/sex-matched healthy participants (control group) were enrolled. MPRAGE on 3T MRI was acquired and segmented. The total brain volume (TBV) and regional brain volumes of the mammillary bodies (MBs), hippocampi, amygdalae, thalami, caudate nuclei, and corpus callosum (CC) were estimated using the SPM12 and ITK–SNAP tools. The rmTBI group underwent neuropsychological tests for verbal and visual memory, attention, executive function, and global cognitive function. TBV and TBV-adjusted regional brain volumes were compared between rmTBI and control participants using the Mann-Whitney U test. Furthermore, we assessed the relationship of the memory test to TBV and TBV-adjusted regional brain volumes by the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. The TBV and TBV–adjusted regional brain volumes were compared between groups, and the relationship between the neuropsychological test scores and the regional brain volumes were evaluated. Compared with the control group, the rmTBI group showed significantly lower MBs volume/TBV ratio (0.13 ± 0.05 vs. 0.19 ± 0.03 ×10− 3, p < 0.05) and The CC volume/TBV ratio (12.5 ± 1.63 vs. 13.6 ± 1.81 ×10− 3, p < 0.05). The MBs volume/TBV ratio correlated with visual and verbal memory, as assessed, respectively, by the Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure test delayed recall (ρ = 0.48, p < 0.05) and logical memory delayed recall (ρ = 0.41, p < 0.05). The CC volume/TBV ratio didn’t correlate with any cognitive assessment result (p > 0.05). MB disconnection from the Papez circuit is associated with memory impairment in retired athletes with rmTBI.
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