The Brønsted acid-catalyzed
synthesis of secondary amides
from ketones under mild conditions is described via transoximation
and Beckmann rearrangement using O-protected oximes as more stable
equivalents of explosive O-protected hydroxylamines. This methodology
could be applied to highly rearrangement-selective amide synthesis
from α-branched alkyl aryl ketones and performed on a 1-g scale.
The presence of water is essential for this reaction, and its role
was clarified by isotope-labeling experiments.
1. Scaling relations between weapons and body size depart from linearity in many male beetles. In many previous studies, these males have been divided into major and minor males with a switch point, that is male dimorphism. Major and minor males adopt strikingly different reproductive tactics.2. We found three size‐dependent behaviours, i.e. fighting, dispersing, and sneaking, however, among Librodor japonicus males with dimorphic mandibles. We statistically classified males into large, medium, and small (L‐, M‐, and S‐males) sizes and then compared the dispersal of males from a foraging site, behaviours to gain access to females, and sizes of mandibles, wings, and testes.3. M‐males dispersed earlier than L‐ and S‐males from a territory in a field, but no difference in the frequency of dispersal was observed between L‐ and S‐males. Observations of male–male interactions in the laboratory showed that L‐males frequently fought with other males in a fighting arena, while S‐males often showed sneaking behaviour without fighting.4. On the basis of the morphological analysis, we concluded that S‐males invested their available resources more in sperm (= testes), M‐males more in wings, and L‐males more in mandibles in L. japonicus.5. Even though a morphological male dimorphism was detected, it might be possible to classify the males of the armed beetles into more than two behavioural tactics if we examine their behaviours.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.