We consider two N = 4 supersymmetric gauge theories connected by an interface and the gravity dual of this system. This interface is expressed by a fuzzy funnel solution of Nahm's equation in the gauge theory side. The gravity dual is a probe D5-brane in AdS 5 × S 5 . The potential energy between this interface and a test particle is calculated in both the gauge theory side and the gravity side by the expectation value of a Wilson loop. In the gauge theory it is evaluated by just substituting the classical solution to the Wilson loop. On the other hand it is done by the on-shell action of the fundamental string stretched between the AdS boundary and the D5-brane in the gravity. We show the gauge theory result and the gravity one agree with each other.

We consider the expectation values of chiral primary operators in the presence of the interface in the 4-dimensional N ¼ 4 super Yang-Mills theory. This interface is derived from D3-D5 system in type IIB string theory. These expectation values are computed classically in the gauge theory side. On the other hand, this interface is a holographic dual to type IIB string theory on AdS 5 Â S 5 spacetime with a probe D5-brane. The expectation values are computed by the Gubser-Klebanov-Polyakov-Witten prescription in the gravity side. We find nontrivial agreement of these two results: the gauge theory side and the gravity side.

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Rapid Ca2+ release rate from sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles was determined by the stopped flow method in terms of chlortetracycline fluorescence. Intensity of chlortetracycline fluorescence was proportional to the intravesicular free Ca2+ concentration. Ca2+ efflux was activated by extravesicular Ca2+ with an apparent dissociation constant of 25 microM and was inhibited with an inhibition constant of 120 microM in the absence of Mg2+. Caffeine enhanced the Ca2+ release rate by increasing only the affinity of Ca2+ for the activation site. Mg2+ reduced the Ca2+ release rate by competitive binding to the activation site. ATP increased the Ca2+ release rate very much without changing the affinities of Ca2+ for the activation and inhibition sites, i.e., ATP seems to increase the pore radius or number of the Ca2+ channels without affecting the gating mechanism of the channel. These results are consistent with those reported in skinned muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. The maximum rate of Ca2+ release in the presence of ATP reached 80 s-1. This value is considered to be sufficient to cause muscular contraction.

The dedifferentiation and the abnormal growth of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) is a major component of vascular diseases. Hexamethylene-bis-acetamide (I-lMBA) has recently been shown to modulate the differentiation and growth of VSMC in viz'r0 and in viva. To determine the mechanism of this effect, we treated human coronary artery VSMC with HMBA and analyzed the effect of HMBA on gene expression by mRNA differential display. HMBA modulated the expression of a number of specific message fragments. By Marathon extension and cDNA screening, we isolated a novel gene, HEXIM1, that is up-regulated in HMBAstimulated VSMC. HEXIMI cDNA has a length of 3624 bp and encodes for a protein of 359 amino acids. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that the level of HEXIMI mRNA rapidly increased at 1 h after HMBA stimulation and was sustained for 48 h. These results suggest that l-lEXlM1 plays an important role in the regulation of the growth and differentiation of VSMC.Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) are usually confined to the media of the vessel wall and maintain vascular tone by their contractile functions. However, abnormal proliferation of VSMC in the vessel intima is a major component of vascular diseases including atherosclerosis, vascular rejection, and restenosis following angioplasty (23, 26). It has been suggested that the contractile cells in the media are differentiated, whereas the proliferative cells in the intima become dedifferentiated (1, 2, 20). This proliferative phenotype of

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We consider computational complexity of AdS5 black holes. Our system contains a particle moving on the boundary of AdS. This corresponds to the insertion of a fundamental string in AdS5 bulk spacetime. Our results give a constraint for complexity. This gives us a hint for defining complexity in quantum field theories.

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