Homologous desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors involves agonist-dependent phosphorylation of receptors by G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs). To identify GRK(s) that play a role in homologous desensitization of the thyrotropin (TSH) receptor, thyroid cDNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction using degenerate oligonucleotide primers from highly conserved regions in GRK family. GRK5 is found in the predominant isoform expressed in the thyroid. Rat GRK5 cDNA was then isolated, which encodes a 590-amino acid protein with 95% homology to human and bovine homologs. Northern blot identified GRK5 mRNA of ϳ3, 8, and 10 kilobases with highest expression levels in lung > heart, kidney, colon > thyroid. In functional studies using a normal rat thyroid FRTL5 cells, overexpression of GRK5 by transfecting the plasmid capable of expressing the sense GRK5 RNA suppressed basal cAMP levels and augmented the extent of TSH receptor desensitization, whereas suppression of endogenous GRK5 expression by transfecting the antisense GRK5 construct increased basal cAMP levels and attenuated the extent of receptor desensitization. Although exogenously overexpressed GRK6 also enhanced TSH receptor desensitization, we conclude that GRK5, the predominant GRK isoform in the thyroid, appears to be mainly involved in homologous desensitization of the TSH receptor.
Guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory (G)1 protein-coupled receptors transduce a wide variety of extracellular signals (hormones, neurotransmitters, odorants, lights, chemoattractants, etc.) into intracellular signaling events, by activating or inhibiting specific effector enzymes (adenylyl cyclase, phospholipase C, phospholipase A 2 , ion channels, etc.) (1). A rapid loss of responsiveness also occurs following receptor activation by agonist ligand binding in this receptor superfamily. This process is called "homologous desensitization." The mechanisms of homologous desensitization have been extensively studied at the molecular level in rhodopsin and adrenergic receptors (2-4). Newly discovered G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) and arrestins are involved in this process. GRKs specifically recognize and phosphorylate the agonist-bound form of receptors in the active conformation. Subsequently, arrestin proteins bind exclusively to the phosphorylated and activated receptor, resulting in uncoupling of the receptor and G protein.Six different types of GRKs have so far been cloned and characterized. cDNA for bovine -adrenergic receptor kinase (-ARK, now also called GRK2) was first isolated (5), followed by the cloning of cDNAs for bovine -ARK2 (GRK3) (6), bovine rhodopsin kinase (GRK1) (7), human IT11 (GRK4) (8), human GRK5 (9), and human GRK6 (10, 11). Drosophila kinases GPRK-1 and -2 have also been identified (12). These GRKs can be divided into 3 different subgroups according to their homology, cellular localization, and distinct regulatory mechanisms (9, 10). The first subgroup includes GRK4 to 6 and GPRK-1, the second subgroup GRK1, GRK2, and GPRK-2, ...