The noninferiority of ME alone to ME with LLND was not confirmed in the intent-to-treat analysis. ME with LLND had a lower local recurrence, especially in the lateral pelvis, compared to ME alone.

Changes in oligosaccharide structures have been reported in certain types of malignant transformations and, thus, could be used for tumor markers in certain types of cancer. In the case of pancreatic cancer cell lines, a variety of fucosylated proteins are secreted into their conditioned media. To identify fucosylated proteins in the serum of patients with pancreatic cancer, we performed western blot analyses using Aleuria Aurantica Lectin (AAL), which is specific for fucosylated structures. An 40 kD protein was found to be highly fucosylated in pancreatic cancer and an N-terminal analysis revealed that it was the b chain of haptoglobin. While the appearance of fucosylated haptoglobin has been reported in other diseases such as hepatocellular carcinoma, liver cirrhosis, gastric cancer and colon cancer, the incidence was significantly higher in the case of pancreatic cancer. Fucosylated haptoglobin was observed more frequently at the advanced stage of pancreatic cancer and disappeared after an operation. A mass spectrometry analysis of haptoglobin purified from the serum of patients with pancreatic cancer and the medium from a pancreatic cancer cell line, PSN-1, showed that the a 1-3/a 1-4/a 1-6 fucosylation of haptoglobin was increased in pancreatic cancer. When a hepatoma cell line, Hep3B, was cultured with the conditioned media from pancreatic cancer cells, haptoglobin secretion was dramatically increased. These findings suggest that fucosylated haptoglobin could serve as a novel marker for pancreatic cancer. Two possibilities were considered in terms of the fucosylation of haptoglobin. One is that pancreatic cancer cells, themselves, produce fucosylated haptoglobin; the other is that pancreatic cancer produces a factor, which induces the production of fucosylated haptoglobin in the liver. ' 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: haptoglobin; pancreatic cancer; fucosylation; tumor marker; mass spectrometry; oligosaccharide; lectin; fucosyltransferase Pancreatic cancer is currently one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths and the overall 5-year survival has been reported to be less than 5%.

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Recently, TAP42 was isolated as a high copy suppressor of sit4 ؊ , a yeast phosphatase related to protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). TAP42 is related to the murine ␣4 protein, which was discovered independently by its association with Ig-␣ in the B cell receptor complex. Herein we show that a glutathione S-transferase (GST)-␣4 fusion protein bound the catalytic subunit (C) of human PP2A from monomeric or multimeric preparations of PP2A in a ''pull-down'' assay. In an overlay assay, the GST-␣4 protein bound to the phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms of C that were separated in two-dimensional gels and immobilized on filters. The results show direct and exclusive binding of ␣4 to C. This is unusual because all known regulatory B subunits, or tumor virus antigens, bind stably only to the AC dimer of PP2A. The ␣4-C form of PP2A had an increased activity ratio compared with the AC form of PP2A when myelin basic protein phosphorylated by mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphorylase a were used as substrates. Recombinant ␣4 cleaved from GST was phosphorylated by p56 lck tyrosine kinase and protein kinase C. A FLAG-tagged ␣4 expressed in COS7 cells was recovered as a protein containing phosphoserine and coimmunoprecipitated with the C but not the A subunit of PP2A. Treatment of cells with rapamycin prevented the association of PP2A with FLAG-␣4. The results reveal a novel heterodimer ␣4-C form of PP2A that may be involved in rapamycin-sensitive signaling pathways in mammalian cells.

To characterize molecular mechanism involved in pancreatic carcinogenesis, we analysed gene-expression profiles of 18 pancreatic tumors using a cDNA microarray representing 23,040 genes. As pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas usually contain a low proportion of cancer cells in the tumor mass, we prepared 95% pure populations of pancreatic cancer cells by means of laser microbeam microdissection, and compared their expression profiles to those of similarly purified, normal pancreatic ductal cells. We identified 260 genes that were commonly upregulated and 346 genes that were downregulated in pancreatic cancer cells. Because of the high degree of purity in the cell populations, a large proportion of genes that we detected as upregulated or downregulated in pancreatic cancers were different from those reported in previous studies. Comparison of clinicopathological parameters with the expression profiles indicated that altered expression of 76 genes was associated with lymph-node metastasis and that of 168 genes with liver metastasis. In addition, expression levels of 30 genes were related to the recurrence of disease. These genome-wide expression profiles should provide useful information for finding candidate genes whose products might serve as specific tumor markers and/or as molecular targets for treatment of patients with pancreatic cancer.

UMIN000001396.

FtsH protein in Escherichia coli is an essential protein of 70.7 kDa (644 amino acid residues) with a putative ATP-binding sequence. Western blots (immunoblots) of proteins from fractionated cell extracts and immunoelectron microscopy of the FtsH-overproducing strain showed exclusive localization of the FtsH protein in the cytoplasmic membrane. Most of the FtsH-specific labeling with gold particles was observed in the cytoplasmic membrane and the adjacent cytoplasm; much less was observed in the outer membrane and in the bulk cytoplasm. Genetic analysis by TnphoA insertions intoftsH revealed that the 25-to 95-amino-acid region, which is flanked by two hydrophobic stretches, protrudes into the periplasmic space. From these results, we concluded that FtsH protein is an integral cytoplasmic membrane protein spanning the membrane twice and that it has a large cytoplasmic carboxy-terminal part with a putative ATP-binding domain. The average number of FtsH molecules per cell was estimated to be approximately 400.

Oligosaccharide moieties of glycoproteins are structurally altered during development, carcinogenesis, and malignant transformations. It is well known that ␤1-6 GlcNAc branching, a product of UDP-GlcNAc ␣-mannoside ␤1-6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnT-V), is associated with malignant transformation as the results of such alterations. However, the mechanism by which ␤1-6 GlcNAc branching is linked to metastasis remains unclear, because the identification of specific glycoprotein(s) that are glycosylated by GnT-V and its biological function have not been examined. We herein report that matriptase, which activates both urokinase-type plasminogen activator and hepatocyte growth factor, is a target protein for GnT-V. The overexpression of GnT-V in gastric cancer cells leads to severe peritoneal dissemination in athymic mice, which can be attributed to the increased expression of matriptase. This increase was due to the acquired resistance of matriptase to degradation, since it is glycosylated by GnT-V and a corresponding increase in the active form. These results indicate that this process is a key element in malignant transformation, as the direct result of oligosaccharide modification.N-Glycans are widely distributed on cell surfaces and secreted glycoproteins, where structural change is observed in development, carcinogenesis, and malignant transformation (1-3). Recent findings suggest that the structural changes in N-glycans are one of the critical steps for cellular transformation and are directly linked to malignant transformation. Previous studies have revealed that ␤1-6 GlcNAc branching on N-glycans, a product of UDP-GlcNAc ␣-mannoside ␤1-6-Nacetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnT-V 1 ; EC 2.4.1.155), is a key structure associated with tumor metastasis and malignant transformation (4 -6). Since we reported on the purification and cDNA cloning of human 8), numerous studies have reported that ␤1-6 GlcNAc branching is associated with malignant transformation, including tumor invasion and metastasis (9 -12). Gene transcription of GnT-V is regulated by proto-oncogenes such as the Ets family (13, 14), src (15) and erbB2 (16). The sequence analysis of the 5Ј-flanking region of GnT-V revealed the functional binding sites of the Ets family. In addition, certain transcription factors belonging to the Ets family are activated by the Ras-Raf-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, which leads to cell proliferation and transformation (17). The Ras proto-oncogene sustains activating mutations in ϳ20% of all human tumors. Ras signaling is induced by other common mutations, such as the amplification of Neu/ErbB-2 in breast cancer (18). These findings suggest that elevated GnT-V activity in human tumors might commonly occur at the level of gene expression.A recent study using GnT-V knockout mice demonstrated that the expression of GnT-V is essential for tumor growth and metastasis (12). The author reported that GnT-V stimulated membrane ruffling and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-protein kinase B activation. Howeve...