Persistent bacterial invasion of gingival tissues in combination with a plasma cell-dominant immune response may be involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis.

GENICA is a population-based case-control study on breast cancer with detailed information on shift work characteristics. We are the first to show the associations between night shift work and breast cancer with respect to estrogen receptor (ER) positive and negative tumors. Our results suggest a stronger association of chronobiological mechanisms with the development of ER-negative breast cancers. Original article Scand J Work Environ Health. 2013;39(5):448-455. doi:10.5271/sjweh.3360 Night work and breast cancer estrogen receptor status -results from the German GENICA study Objectives The potential mechanisms that link night-shift work with breast cancer have been extensively discussed. Exposure to light at night (LAN) depletes melatonin that has oncostatic and anti-estrogenic properties and may lead to a modified expression of estrogen receptor (ER) α. Here, we explored the association between shift work and breast cancer in subgroups of patients with ER-positive and -negative tumors. AffiliationMethods GENICA (Gene-ENvironment Interaction and breast CAncer) is a population-based case-control study on breast cancer with detailed information on shift work from 857 breast cancer cases and 892 controls. ER status was assessed by immunohistochemical staining. Associations between night-shift work and ER-positive and -negative breast cancer were analyzed with conditional logistic regression models, adjusted for potential confounders.Results ER status was assessed for 827 cases and was positive in 653 and negative in 174 breast tumors.Overall, 49 cases and 54 controls were "ever employed" in shift work including night shifts for ≥1 year. In total, "ever shift work" and "ever night work" were not associated with an elevated risk of ER-positive or -negative breast tumors. Night work for ≥20 years was associated with a significantly elevated risk of ER-negative breast cancer [odds ratio (OR) 4.73, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.22-18.36].Conclusions Our case-control study suggests that long-term night-shift work is associated with an increased risk of ER-negative breast cancers. Further studies on histological subtypes and the analysis of other potentially relevant factors are crucial for discovering putative mechanisms.

Xpert may be advantageous in the detection of PTB using LRTS, particularly in low microbiological burden settings.

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Genome-wide association studies have identified breast cancer risk variants in over 150 genomic regions, but the mechanisms underlying risk remain largely unknown. These regions were explored by combining association analysis with in silico genomic feature annotations. We defined 205 independent risk-associated signals with the set of credible causal variants (CCVs) in each one. In parallel, we used a Bayesian approach (PAINTOR) that combines genetic association, linkage disequilibrium, and enriched genomic features to determine variants with high posterior probabilities (HPPs) of being causal.Potentially causal variants were significantly over-represented in active gene regulatory regions and transcription factor binding sites. We applied our INQUSIT pipeline for prioritizing genes as targets of potentially causal variants, using gene expression (eQTL), chromatin interaction and functional annotations. Known cancer drivers, transcription factors and genes in the developmental, apoptosis, immune system and DNA integrity checkpoint gene ontology pathways, were over-represented among the 178 highest confidence target genes.