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The self‐assembled glutathione (γ‐L‐glutamyl‐L‐cysteinyl‐glycine, GSH) monolayer was formed on a gold electrode via a sulfur attachment of the cysteinyl residue. The effect of lanthanide ions (La3+, Eu3+ and Lu3+) on the ion‐gate behavior of this electrode was studied by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and Fe(CN)63– as a probe ion. These ions were found to open the ion gate with a few micromoles, and the effect was in the order of La3+ > Eu3+ Lu3+.

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2,3-Dichloro-1,4-naphtoquinone (NQ) was anchored to a gold electrode surface through the self-assembled monolayers of aminoalkanethiols (AAT, HS(CH2)nNH2: n = 2, 5, and 8). The effect of the alkyl chain length of the AAT monolayer, which also acts as the spacer between the NQ molecule and the gold electrode surface, on the redox behavior of the immobilized NQ has been studied by using a voltammetric technique. The surface coverage of the anchored NQ was estimated to be 3.8 × 10−10 mol cm−2 in the case that 2-aminoethanethiol (HS(CH2)2NH2) was used as the monolayer constituent. The electron-transfer rate constant, ket, associated with the redox process of anchored NQ decreased from 9.7 s−1 at n = 2 to 0.78 s−1 at n = 8, with increasing the chain length of the AAT monolayer, though the redox potential of NQ was scarcely affected by the chain length. The tunneling barrier coefficient, β, of the electron transfer was estimated to be 0.36 Å−1, from the observed linear relationship between the ket value and the monolayer chain length.

Two fluorescence modes were combined to analyze the binding properties of terminally substituted alkanes (CnX, X = COOH, OH, CHO, NH2) to human serum albumin (HSA). A competitive binding assay using an 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS) fluorescence probe provides information on all the hydrophobic binding sites in HSA. A binding assay using the intrinsic fluorescence of the tryptophan residue in HSA (Trp-HSA) provides information on the specific binding site close to the tryptophan residue. There are three fluorescence-active ANS binding sites in HSA, which can be classified into two types by their affinity for ANS. CnCOOH bound to all three ANS binding sites including the Trp-HSA site, however, it did not quench the fluorescence of Trp-HSA. CnCHO bound only to the Trp-HSA site with quenching of the fluorescence of Trp-HSA. By comparing the binding affinities of HSA for CnOH and CnCHO, it was concluded that the CnOH binding site is different from the CnCHO binding site. CnNH2 did not bind to any of the three ANS binding sites in HSA.

A simple and sensitive solid-phase spectrophotometry procedure was improved for the microdetermination of Cr(VI). A 0.06 cm 3 portion of a cation exchanger, Muromac AG 50W-X2, was used to concentrate the target Cr(VI) in a 20 cm 3 water sample, and resin beads were introduced in a flow cell of 1.5 mm diameter and having a 10 mm light path length for measurements using a UV-visible spectrophotometer. Three lenses were used for focusing the incident light beam and for recovering light scattered by the solid phase in the cell. The sensitivity achieved was higher by a factor of 277 compared with that of the solution method, and the detection limit was 0.014 µg dm -3 . The recovery on spiked real water samples by the standard addition method was 96 -101%. Favorable working and performance characteristics made it possible to directly determine sub-µg dm -3 amounts of Cr(VI) in natural water samples.

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