The origin and biologic significance of cardiac gastric mucosa are controversial. Traditionally, it has been considered native mucosa and part of normal foregut development. It has been recently suggested that cardiac mucosa is present only as a metaplastic response to gastroesophageal reflux disease and therefore always abnormal. We evaluated the esophagogastric junction in 100 pediatric autopsy samples to determine the existence, characteristics, and length of pure cardiac mucosa at different ages. No patient had a history of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Cardiac mucosa immediately distal and contiguous to the esophageal squamous mucosa was identified in all 100 samples, varying in length from 0.1 to 3 mm; the mean length was 1 mm. There was an inverse correlation between patient age and length of cardiac mucosa; gender had no influence on measured length. Three patients had mild to moderate histologic esophagitis; two had gastritis. No metaplastic features or Helicobacter pylori were identified. These findings support the concept that there is a normal, variably narrow developmental zone at the esophagogastric junction covered by cardiac mucosa and is present at birth. When cardiac type mucosa is found in biopsy material, it does not necessarily represent evidence of a mucosal metaplastic response to gastroesophageal reflux disease.
The 1st Aedes albopictus specimen recorded from Colorado was found near a tire storage site in Ft. Lupton on July 9, 2003. Intensified surveillance at the site in 2003 did not result in collection of any other specimens that season, leading to speculation that it was an isolated incident rather than an actual introduction for the species. Control measures against larvae and adult mosquitoes were conducted in the area to further reduce the likelihood of establishment of a viable population. However, subsequent surveillance during the 2004 mosquito season resulted in collection of 21 additional specimens at and near the Ft. Lupton site, possibly representing an established viable population of the species.
Coastal ecosystems are vulnerable to climate change and have been identified as sources of uncertainty in the global carbon budget. Here we introduce a recently established mesonet of eddy covariance towers in South Carolina and describe the sensor arrays and data workflow used to produce three site-years of flux observations in coastal ecosystems. The tower sites represent tidal salt marsh (US-HB1), mature longleaf pine forest (US-HB2), and longleaf pine restoration (replanted clearcut; US-HB3). Coastal ecosystems remain less represented in climate studies despite their potential to sequester large amounts of carbon. Our goal in publishing this open access dataset is to contribute observations in understudied coastal ecosystems to facilitate synthesis and modeling analyses that advance carbon cycle science.
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