The responsibility for childbearing and child care has a major effect on general surgical residency and subsequent surgical practice. Methods: A survey of all graduates from a university general surgical training program between 1989 and 2000. Results: Twenty-seven women and 44 men completed general surgical training at our university during the period, and 42 (59%) responded to our survey. The age at completion of the residency was 34.0±2.2 years for men and 33.9±2.8 years for women. During residency, 64% (14/22) of the men and 15% (3/20) of the women had children. At the time of the survey, 21 (95%) of the men and 8 (40%) of the women had children. Most residents (24 [57%] of 42) relied on their spouse for child care. During surgical practice, 18 (43%) indicated that they rely on their spouse; 19 (45%) use day care, home care, or both; and (8%) of 26 are unsatisfied with their current child care arrangement. During training, 38% (5/ 13) of men and 67% (2/3) of women took time off for maternity leave, paternity leave, or child care. Two of 3 surgeons would like to have had more time off during residency; most men (70%, or 7 of 10) recommended a leave of 1 to 3 months, and all women preferred a 3-month maternity or child care leave of absence. During surgi-PAPER

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The etiology of pain in chronic pancreatitis may be ductal hypertension, increased parenchymal pressure, or neural damage. It is difficult to assess the severity of pain in this patient population, a problem made more challenging by the frequency of narcotic dependency. Therapeutic interventions developed to relieve the pain of chronic pancreatitis include denervation of the pancreas, decompression of the main duct of the pancreas, resection of part or all of the diseased pancreas, and reduction of pancreatic secretion. Operative intervention for patients with chronic pain is indicated when severe pain, complications of pain, or potential malignancy are present. The operations that consistently provide long‐lasting pain relief all have in common resection of all or a portion of the head of the pancreas. Adverse effects on exocrine and endocrine function, nutrition, and quality of life are related to the amount of pancreas resected. The ideal procedure should be easy to perform, have a low morbidity and mortality rate, provide long‐lasting pain relief, and not augment endocrine and exocrine insufficiency. No single operation fulfills this ideal. The local resection of the head of the pancreas combined with longitudinal pancreaticojejunostomy (LR‐LPJ) proposed by Frey and the duodenum‐preserving resection of the head of the pancreas (DPHR) proposed by Beger are discussed. The conceptualization, development, and technique of LR‐LPJ are discussed, and comparisons of patient outcomes are made with the outcomes of other procedures for chronic pancreatitis.

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Convenient tools for nondestructive evaluation of solids can be electromagnetic and/or elastodynamic waves; since their governing equations, including acoustics, exhibit strong structural similarities, the same inversion concepts apply. In particular, the heuristic SAFT algorithm (synthetic aperture focusing technique) can be-and has been-utilized for all kinds of waves, once a scalar approximation can be justified. Relating SAFT to inverse scattering in terms of diffraction tomography, it turns out that linearization is the most stringent inherent approximation. Hence, the results of nonlinear inversion schemes such as contrast source inversion are compared to the output of SAFT for a carefully designed ultrasonic experiment. In addition, it will be shown via synthetic as well as experimental data that SAFT can be extended to electromagnetic vector fields and to an inhomogeneous and/or anisotropic background material.