No abstract

In severe pneumonia, the application of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) was associated with reduced complications possibly by an induction of anti-inflammatory cytokines. It is not clear, whether G-CSF induces interleukin-10 (IL-10) synthesis in neutrophils. In a randomized study, 15 patients with severe community acquired pneumonia were treated either by a single dose of G-CSF and antibiotic therapy (n=8) or antibiotics alone (n=7). Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression of IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor alpha of peripheral blood leukocytes was measured using in-situ hybridization (ISH) and reverse-transcription-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, the cytokine release of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated whole blood was measured by ELISA. We detected increased IL-10 mRNA by ISH (140 +/- 8% vs. -11 +/- 5%, P<0.01) and RT-PCR (126 +/- 16% vs. -28 +/- 3%, P<0.01) in the G-CSF-treated group only. In contrast, LPS-stimulated whole blood cells in vitro released significantly less IL-10 compared to the control group (-38.2 +/- 97 vs. -14.8 +/- 6 pg/ml, P<0.02). There was no significant effect on IL-10 serum protein levels and the TNF-alpha release and expression. IL-10 mRNA was detected predominantly in cluster designation 66b (CD66b) positive nucleated blood cells indicating that polymorphonuclear leukocytes are the main source of IL-10 expression after G-CSF stimulation. G-CSF induces transcription of IL-10 mRNA in neutrophils without increased release. This may be due to posttranscriptional effects.

Modern pathology has developed from "omega" to "alpha" and is vital for therapy and follow-up of tumor treatment today. Pathology has a key role as part of personalized medicine. It is possible to intervene therapeutically into the molecular genetic intricacy of tumors by establishing predictive biomarkers with corresponding tumor therapeutic agents.By identifying the KRAS mutational status at the metastasized colorectal carcinoma, a statement about the benefit of an anti-EGFR-therapy can be given, which is nowadays the basis of diagnostic and therapy of this cancer.For a long period of time a high concordance between primary and metastases inside the KRAS status was taken for granted. Meanwhile, there are many studies demonstrating a possibly underestimated high degree of discordance. The identification of discordances might gather a subcollective, which partially holds a KRAS wild type tissue and thereby might respond with a partial remission. Thus, the survival time of these patients and their quality of living could be successfully improved.