Product properties and process engineering. The properties of solids are determined by their chemical composition, their state of dispersion, and their interfacial forces. They are largely responsible for the behaviour of the products during the manufacturing process and for the desired quality characteristics of the finished product. The aim of this survey is to illustrate the influence of particle size distribution and interfacial forces on product properties. The effects shown can be explained with the aid of a few physical modes. The first part shows how product properties can be adjusted to achieve a particular aim, principally by modifying the particle size. These include product‐relevant properties such as filtration properties, miscibility, and potential for dust explosion, as well properties relevant to the (final) product such as colour and taste. As the particle size decreases, the forces acting between the particle become increasingly important. The second part of this article therefore focuses on those product properties which can be influenced by way of changes in the cohesive forces. Production‐relevant properties are flow properties, bulk density, agglomeration behaviour; product‐relevant properties are tablet stability and redispersibility of foods, dyes, etc. Among the cohesive forces, capillary forces deserve particular attention. The paper concludes with an account of their role in the manufacture and use of solids. The pore structure of an agglomerated solid is determined by capillary forces and the external forces required during the manufacturing process.
70) 9 I 9 8 1083 Abbildung.novative technology for competitive advantage. Best practices, applicable to chemical engineering projects, are identified. As shown in the Figure, eight categories of performance are measured for each company studied, Recommended improvements for each company are based on proven performers within and outside the industry.In the third example, we explore innovation in the process of monitoring and assessing during project execution. The widely used critical path based assessment tools are fundamentally backward looking, comparing actual accomplishment to original plan. This innovative assessment tool is forward looking, translating early signals of problems into a prognosis for how the project will turn out unless action is taken to keep things on track. A "scorecard" or "instrument panel" provides the project team a tool to assess problems in time to take corrective action, managing risk and applying best practice.In the summation we describe how innovation can be applied for competitive advantage and growth not only in processes (examples above) but also in products, organizational structures, partnerships and individual behavior. An innovative project management process is only one element. An environment that encourages (and does not punish) innovation by individuals leads
Bei der Strömung staubhaltiger Gase durch Rohrleitungen ändern sich die Staubkonzentration und die Korngrößenverteilung durch Agglomeration und Wandansatz. Es wird gezeigt, daß eine hohe bipolare Aufladung des Staubes die Agglomeration sehr stark beschleunigt. Dies steht in Übereinstimmung mit bekannten Koagulationsmodellen. Der Wandansatz ist um Zehnerpotenzen höher, als theoretische Ansätze erwarten lassen, welche die elektrostatische Aufladung nicht berücksichtigen. Eine Abschätzung zeigt, daß die mittlere Aufladung des Staubes Hauptparameter ist.
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