Ti6Al4V (Ti64) alloys manufactured by selective laser melting (SLM) are well known for their susceptibility to failure at a low ductility of less than 10% due to the formation of an (α′) martensitic structure. Annealing and solution treatments as post-heat treatments of α′ are considered a good way to improve the mechanical performance of SLM-manufactured Ti64 parts. In this research, the effect of heat treatment parameters such as temperature (850 °C and 1020 °C) and cooling rate (furnace and water cooling) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the SLM Ti64 structure was investigated. It was shown that the tensile strength/ductility of the Ti64 alloy produced by SLM was determined by the post-heat treatment. The experimental results revealed that heat treatment at 850 °C followed by furnace cooling resulted in the best possible combination of ductility (13%) and tensile strength (σy = 932, σu = 986 MPa) with a microstructure consisting mainly of 78.71% α and 21.29% β. Heat treatment at 850 °C followed by water cooling was characterized by a reduction in hardness and the formation of predominantly α plus α′′ and a small amount of β. HT850WC exhibited yield and tensile strengths of about 870 and 930 MPa, respectively, and an elongation at fracture of 10.4%. Heat treatment at 1020 °C and subsequent cooling in the furnace was characterized by the formation of an α + β lamellar microstructure. In contrast, heat treatment at 1020 °C and subsequent water cooling formed semi-equiaxial β grains of about 170 µm in diameter with longer elongated α grains and basket-weave α′. Post-treatment at 1020 °C followed by furnace cooling showed high ductility with an elongation of 14.5% but low tensile strength (σy = 748, σu = 833 MPa). In contrast, post-treatment at 1020 °C followed by water cooling showed poor ductility with elongation of 8.6% but high tensile strength (σy = 878, σu = 990 MPa). The effect of aging at 550 °C for 3 h and cooling in a furnace on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the specimens cooled with water was also studied. It was found that aging influenced the microstructure of the Ti6Al4V parts, including β, α, and α″ precipitation and fragmentation or globularization of elongated α grains. The aging process at 550 °C leads to an increase in tensile strength and a decrease in ductility.
The aim of this study is the design, manufacture, and development of a metallic rehabilitation device (titanium frame structure) that is created with a printing process. Product design is inspired by the Computed Tomography (CT) based reconstruction method, during which a metallic frame structure is designed that perfectly fits the retrieved bone surface. The internal structure of the designed metallic frames is a statically analysed three-dimensional construct which makes it possible to create individual product types. Constructs with different structure are checked by finite element analysis. Our goal is to establish a standardised manufacturing process, in which specific mechanical stressing can be carried out and optimal product type chosen, depending on different cases. At the end of this study, our solution of choice is demonstrated with surgical pictures.
Digital product processing and the utilization of novel, tissue-friendly materials allow the use of fixed dentures for patients. Its basis is a titanium plate fixed to the cortical bone surface at given screw positions. A digital dental cast is created from the existing bone surface, and modelling and necessary statistical analyses are carried out in a virtual environment. Safety of the welded joint is evaluated with mechanical methods. When designing the fixing points, an idealized denture is used that was previously designed for the patient. The number and position of pillar elements used for screw fixation of the denture are determined by the complex geometry of the denture itself, and the location, direction, and articulating position of existing teeth. The additively manufactured implant and the machined pillar sleeves are joined with laser-welding at given nesting positions. Homogeneity of the metallic material structure at the welded joint zone of the product is examined with micro-CT. Due to this implementation method, surgical time decreases together with complication rates and post-operative problems.
Digital product processing and the utilization of novel, tissue-friendly materials allow the use of fixed dentures for patients. Its basis is a titanium plate fixed to the cortical bone surface at given screw positions. A digital dental cast is created from the existing bone surface, and modelling and necessary statistical analyses are carried out in a virtual environment. Safety of the welded joint is evaluated with mechanical methods. When designing the fixing points, an idealized denture is used that was previously designed for the patient. The number and position of pillar elements used for screw fixation of the denture are determined by the complex geometry of the denture itself, and the location, direction, and articulating position of existing teeth. The additively manufactured implant and the machined pillar sleeves are joined with laser-welding at given nesting positions. Homogeneity of the metallic material structure at the welded joint zone of the product is examined with micro-CT. Due to this implementation method, surgical time decreases together with complication rates and post-operative problems
Four lattice structures based on well-known crystal structures were evaluated in this study using the finite element method. Simple cubic, face-centered cubic, body-centered cubic, and diamond structural alignments were used to build up lattices from the body volume. Modern-day implant development trends are shifting towards additive manufacturing technologies, which have the advantage of creating structures that can improve the biological stability of implants that have integrated scaffolds. Such scaffolds can be trabecular structures that mimic bone tissue and facilitate tissue penetration into the porous parts of the implant. The final purpose of our study is to create an implant system that promotes the process of osseointegration. Evaluations have been carried out using finite element analysis.
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