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Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is a transcriptional repressor that is rapidly induced in cells exposed

Oxidative stress-induced cell death plays a major role in the progression of ischemic acute renal failure. Using microarrays, we sought to identify a stress-induced gene that may be a therapeutic candidate. Human proximal tubule (HK2) cells were treated with hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and RNA was applied to an Affymetrix gene chip. Five genes were markedly induced in a parallel time-dependent manner by cluster analysis, including activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), p21 WAF1/CiP1 (p21), CHOP/GADD153, dual-specificity protein phosphatase, and heme oxygenase-1. H 2 O 2 rapidly induced ATF3 approximately 12-fold in HK2 cells and approximately 6.5-fold in a mouse model of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Adenovirus-mediated expression of ATF3 protected HK2 cells against H 2 O 2 -induced cell death, and this was associated with a decrease of p53 mRNA and an increase of p21 mRNA. Moreover, when ATF3 was overexpressed in mice via adenovirus-mediated gene transfer, ischemia-reperfusion injury was reduced. In conclusion, ATF3 plays a protective role in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury and the mechanism of the protection may involve suppression of p53 and induction of p21.

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