Nanomaterials constitute a class of structures that have unique
physiochemical properties and are excellent scaffolds for presenting
carbohydrates, important biomolecules that mediate a wide variety of important
biological events. The fabrication of carbohydrate-presenting nanomaterials,
glyconanomaterials, is of high interest and utility, combining the features of
nanoscale objects with biomolecular recognition. The structures can also produce
strong multivalent effects, where the nanomaterial scaffold greatly enhances the
relatively weak affinities of single carbohydrate ligands to the corresponding
receptors, and effectively amplifies the carbohydrate-mediated interactions.
Glyconanomaterials are thus an appealing platform for biosensing applications.
In this review, we discuss the chemistry for conjugation of carbohydrates to
nanomaterials, summarize strategies, and tabulate examples of applying
glyconanomaterials in in vitro and in vivo sensing applications of proteins,
microbes, and cells. The limitations and future perspectives of these emerging
glyconanomaterials sensing systems are furthermore discussed.
Isotopically pure [D6]-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine derivatives were selectively and rapidly formed using microwave-assisted regioselective deuteration of the methyl moieties of the parent bipyridine in a deuterium oxide solution.
The self‐adaptation of constitutional dynamic systems based on selective coordination between 5,5′‐dimethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine and deuterium‐labeled 4,4′‐dimethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine to FeII, CoII, NiII, CuII, or ZnII has been evaluated by ESI‐MS in methanol. The equilibration rates of the systems proved dependent on the metal species, following the order ZnII > CuII > CoII > NiII > FeII, where ZnII resulted in rapid rearrangement of the original homoleptic complexes. The heteroleptic complexes were favored in the systems with CoII, CuII and ZnII, whereas the homoleptic complexes were more pronounced with FeII and NiII.
A new family of alkynylated, amphiphilic dendrimers consisting of amidoamine linkers connected to 5,5′‐functionalized 2,2′‐bipyridine cores has been developed and evaluated in the formation of metallodendrimers of different generations and in self‐assembly protocols. A convergent synthetic strategy was applied to provide dumbbell‐shaped amphiphilic dendrimers, where the 2,2′‐bipyridine cores could be coordinated to FeII centers to afford corresponding metallodendrimers. The ability of the metallic‐ and non‐metallic dendritic structures to self‐assemble into functional supramolecular aggregates were furthermore evaluated in aqueous solution. Spherical aggregates with sizes of a few hundred nanometers were generally produced, where controlled disassembly of the metallodendrimers through decomplexation could be achieved.
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