BackgroundCoronary Artery Disease (CAD) is clearly a multifactorial disease that develops from childhood and ultimately leads to death. Several reports revealed having a First Degree Relatives (FDRS) with premature CAD is a significant autonomous risk factor for CAD development. C - reactive protein (CRP) is a member of the pentraxin family and is the most widely studied proinflammatory biomarker. IL-18 is a pleiotrophic and proinflammatory cytokine which is produced mainly by macrophages and plays an important role in the inflammatory cascade.Methods and ResultsHs-CRP levels were estimated by ELISA and Genotyping of IL-18 gene variant located on promoter -137 (G/C) by Allele specific PCR in blood samples of 300 CAD patients and 300 controls and 100 FDRS. Promoter Binding sites and Protein interacting partners were identified by Alibaba 2.1 and Genemania online tools respectively. Hs-CRP levels were significantly high in CAD patients followed by FDRS when compared to controls. In IL-18 -137 (G/C) polymorphism homozygous GG is significantly associated with occurrence of CAD and Hs-CRP levels were significantly higher in GG genotype subjects when compared to GC and CC. IL-18 was found to be interacting with 100 protein interactants.ConclusionOur results indicate that Hs-CRP levels and IL-18-137(G/C) polymorphism may help to identify risk of future events of CAD in asymptomatic healthy FDRS.
Implant stability can be defined as an absence of clinical implant mobility and consists of primary and secondary implant stability. It has been recognised as one of the most important and useful factors when it comes to predicting implant anchorage. Primary stability includes the mechanical attachment of an implant in the surrounding bone at the insertion, whereas secondary implant stability is the tissue response to the implant and subsequent bone remodelling processes. It is known to be a crucial factor for successful osseointegration of dental implants. There is sufficient evidence to accept a positive correlation between primary implant stability and implant success, as the success relies on the sustainable integration of the implants into hard and soft tissues. This review extensively focuses on different factors affecting primary stability such as implant design and characteristics, bone quality and methods to measure implant stability. KEYWORDS: bone density, dental implants, implant stability, osseodensification, osseointegration
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