Skeletal elements are used to quantify variations related to sexual dimorphism. Determination of sex and race in unknown skeletal remains is one of the key biological characteristics used. Mandible is next to pelvis in determination of sex, age and race. Methods based on cranio -mandibular parameters contribute for sex determination and race identification. The mandible is a U-shaped and the only mobile bone of the facial skeleton. The 2 sides of the mandible are not always perfectly symmetrical, due to inherent general asymmetry. AIM & OBJECTIVE: The present study is an attempt to evaluate two important metric traits of the mandible like mandibular angle & height of the ramus. It's role in sexual dimorphism, and as an anthropological tool in racial and / or population diagnosis of Indian origin, especially in Uttarakhand region. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 30 dry male and 30 dry female adult human mandibles collected from Departments of Anatomy and Forensic Medicine of SGRR Medical College. Well preserved mandibles with intact body, ramus, gonion and coronoid process used. Instrument used to measure is Mandibulometer. ANALYTICAL TEST: "t" test. RESULT: Mean mandibular angle of right side is 115.00 degree and on left side is 113.77 degree whereas ramus height of right side is 4.94 cm and on left side is 4.80 cm. CONCLUSION: Significant difference in mean mandibular angle of right and left of female and not so in male. Significant difference was noted between the mean right and left ramus height of male and female respectively.
Musculocutaneous nerve arise from lateral cord of brachial plexus and run downward & laterally by piercing the coracobrachialis muscle in normal course and further continues as the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm after supplying coracobrachialis, biceps brachii and brachialis muscle. Many variations ranging from absence of nerve to non-piercing of the coracobrachialis muscle by the musculocutaneous nerve has been reported. In present study dissections of total 40 preserved upper limbs were carried out & it was noted that in one right upper limb & two left upper limbs, musculocutaneous nerve was not piercing the coracobrachialis. Musculocutaneous nerve passed over coracobrachialis and branch was given to coracobrachialis, biceps brachii and brachialis. It was noted in one case of left upper limb among two having non-piercing course, that after giving branch for brachialis, musculocutaneous nerve joined median nerve in lower part of arm. Surgeons need to consider these anatomical variations while exploring area near axilla and below coracoid process.
Introduction: Mandible being one of the sturdy bone resists damage and therefore its fragments are mostly available after mass disasters like explosions. After the pelvis, the mandible of the skull has significant sexual dimorphism. Many parameters of the mandible altogether make it suitable to identify sex from a given bone. Aim: To determine sex with the help of parameters of the ramus of human mandible. Materials and Methods: This systematic review included the articles from 2000 to 2020 and took a one-year duration. All studies were categorised under dry bone and radiological study. Only original articles of a cross-sectional study, cohort study and case-control study related to ramus and sex determinations were selected online by using available databases like Medline, Embase, and Google Scholar. All selected articles were then analysed for different types of ramus parameters studied. Studies that considered more than one parameter of ramus were included or otherwise rejected. Research articles that mentioned the efficacy of gender identification of bone by considering parameters of the ramus of the mandible were tabulated. Results: Commonly used ramus parameters by different researchers were maximum ramus breadth/width, minimum ramus breadth/width, ramus flexure and ramus height. In addition, coronoid height and projection height was also used by some. In most of the studies, parameters in males were higher than in females whereas gender predictive value was seen higher i.e, 70-83% when a combination of all ramus parameters was taken. In the case of consideration of a single parameter, gender predictive values ranged from 45-79%, and a higher sex predictive value was seen for males. Conclusion: Only when the fragment of the mandible ramus is available, then it can be utilised for gender identification by using ramus width, ramus height along with other parameters based on availability. Ramus alone is a good tool for sex determination in the mandible.
BACKGROUNDA very common congenital anomaly called lumbosacral transitional vertebrae is seen in sacrum, which includes sacralisation and lumbralisation. Sacralisation is characterised by presence of partial or complete fusion of fifth lumbar vertebra with first sacral vertebra. During regular teaching of undergraduates, one sacrum was noticed with significant variation having large osseous growth on pelvic surface along with sacralisation of fifth lumbar vertebra. An osseous growth was extending on pelvic surface from right side of fourth lumbar vertebral body to body of sacralised fifth lumbar vertebra. Sacralisation of fifth lumbar vertebra along with fixation of fourth vertebra because of osseous growth can be the cause of early age back pain in an individual due to shift of seat of spinal movement to third lumbar vertebra above. Misexpression of HOX genes during intrauterine life is considered as cause of it. Such kind of sacral variation altogether can lead to delayed and difficult delivery of baby in female due to change in pelvic dimension and its biomechanics. Neurovascular and visceral compression manifestation can be a chief complaint of an individual with such variation in sacrum. Neurosurgeons and anaesthetist need to be alert regarding such possible variation to prevent faulty spinal surgery and spinal anaesthesia respectively.
Lumbosacral transitional vertebra (LSTV) is one of recognized morphological variant associated with back pain. As sacrum has very crucial role in weight transmission via sacroiliac joint, any change in morphology of auricular surface of sacrum should have impact in morphology of lumbosacral region.Aim: To study relation between the variable extent of auricular surface in Sacrum and prevalence of Lumbosacral Transitional Vertebra (LSTV) along with changes in morphological index.Materials and Methods: Present study was done by taking total 40 adult dry human sacra of both sexes which were collected from the Department of Anatomy at Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, SRHU, Dehradun. All sacra were initially divided into two sacral groups of normal sacra and atypical sacra based on absence and presence of any type of lumbosacral transitional vertebra (LSTV) respectively. Further each group subcategorized into three, namely A (normal sacra), B (high sacra) and C (low sacra) based on extend of auricular surface. Metric traits like maximum auricular length, maximum sacral length, maximum sacral width and sacral index were measured and compared.Result: In this study sacra with higher type of auricular surface were found to be associated with more incidence of sacralization whereas sacra with lower type of auricular surface were associated with lumbarization. There was significant difference noticed in mean sacral index of these two sacral groups. Sacral index in sacral group with LSTV (Mean 95.06) was found to be less on comparing with sacral group without LSTV (Mean 108.20). Increased mean maximum sacral length (mean 109.62) seen in sacral group with LSTV without significant change in maximum sacral width (mean 103.75) which can be due to shift of weight transmission axis from lower sacral vertebrae to higher vertebrae. Conclusion:Variable extents of auricular surface of sacrum are associated with variant of lumbosacral transition vertebra due to change in biomechanics of weight transmission. Thus this study may be helpful to clinicians to predict and treat root cause of LSTV associated back pain.
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