IntroductionGender equality is fundamental to accelerate sustainable development. It is necessary to conduct gender analyses to identify sex and gender-based differences in health risks. This study aimed to find the gender equality in terms of illiteracy, child marriages and spousal violence among women based on data from National Family Health Survey 2015-16 (NFHS-4).MethodsThis was a descriptive analysis of secondary data of ever-married women onto reproductive age from 15 states and 3 UTs in India of the first phase of NFHS-4. Gender gap related to literacy and child marriage among urban and rural area was compared.ResultsIn rural area all states except Meghalaya and Sikkim had the significantly higher percentage of women's illiteracy as compared to male. Bihar and Madhya Pradesh had higher illiterate women, 53.7% and 48.6% as compared to male, 24.7% and 21.5% respectively (P < 0.000). Child marriages were found to be significantly higher in rural areas as compared to urban areas in four most populated states.ConclusionThere is a gender gap between illiteracy with women more affected in rural areas with higher prevalence of child marriages and poor utilization of maternal health services. Also, violence against women is showing an upward trend with declining sex-ratio at birth.
Introduction: The health hazard of glass factory has been enlisted in ILO encyclopedia. Morbid conditions in glass factory workers are injuries, heat exhaustion, respiratory morbidity, ophthalmic morbidity, nephrolithiasis etc. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of morbidity in the glass factory workers and compare it with comparison group. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study with comparison group, which was matched for age, sex and socioeconomic status, unexposed to similar working environment from adjacent area. The Glass Factory is situated at Kamptee Road, Nagpur. 263 workers were studied along with 263 comparison group. Interview technique, general observation was used for data collection by using Pre-designed Proforma. Sampling design was Convenience sampling Technique. Statistical analysis was done with Epi Info 2002. Results: Total morbidities were 442 and 153 in the workers and in the comparison group respectively. Mean no. of morbidity in the worker was 1.7 with SD 0.94 and in the comparison group it was 0.6 with SD 0.83. The difference was statistically significant [Z=13.76, p<0.01, highly significant]. Of the total morbidities i.e. 442 in workers, injury constituted 251 (56.9%). Incised injury 156 (59.3%) in the workers and 32 (12.2%) in the comparison group. Conclusion: Prevalence of injury and effect of environment in the workers of Glass Factory was more than subjects in comparison group.
Introduction:Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global health problem. In 2014, worldwide, 1.5 million deaths were reported from TB. The study was planned to assess sputum smear grading and treatment outcome among TB patients attending tuberculosis unit (TU), Jagdalpur of Bastar district in Chhattisgarh.Materials and Methods:It was a record-based analysis for the year 2014 data from TU, Jagdalpur, Bastar of Chhattisgarh.Statistical Analysis Used:Data entry and analysis were done using STATA/SE 14.1 software.Results:Out of total registered 496 TB patients in 2014, 207 were sputum smear positive with 83 (40.1%) having 3 + and 14 (6.8%) having scanty sputum grading. The percentage of successfully treated was lowest, 71.4% in scanty followed by 1+ (80.2%), compared to 84.1% in sputum smear negative (P = 0.02335). Overall rate of unfavorable outcome was 16.9%. Factors associated with unfavorable outcome were age more than 40 years (P = 0.01894), male gender (P = 0.06722), and retreatment cases (P = 0.0001136). Death rate was higher (6.6%) among patients of Category II. Higher default rate in new smear positive (8.3%), new smear negative (7.8%), and retreatment (16.7%) was noted.Conclusions:Overall rate of unfavorable outcome was higher in patients with scanty and 1+sputum grading. Age more than 40 years, male sex, and retreatment category were factors associated with unfavorable outcome.
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