Background: Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is one of the most important aquaculture species in India. Streptococcus agalactiae is a highly debilitating pathogen of farmed tilapia. In this study, oxytetracycline (OTC) dose and delivery were standardized against S. agalactiae infection in genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) and pharmacokinetics after oral administration was evaluated. Methods: LD50 value of S. agalactiae was found to be 6.2×106 CFU/fish. Two methods of drug delivery were investigated at three different doses of 50, 70 and 90 mg/kg against the S. agalactiae infection. Pharmacokinetics of OTC was studied after per os administration of 100 mg/kg body weight per day and analysing the residues in kidney, liver and muscle at different time intervals. Result: Per os delivery of OTC 90 mg/kg controlled S. agalactiae infection and the withdrawal time of OTC to fall below MRL of 0.05 µg/g at 30°C was 21 days in kidney and liver and 14 days in muscle. The study indicated that the S. agalactiae infection in tilapia could be controlled by OTC and fish can be marketed after providing a withdrawal period of 14 days.
Penaeus vannamei farming is one of the profitable businesses of the aquaculture sector in India. As a result of excessive farming, shrimps were susceptible to various exotic, transboundary, and emerging pathogens. The purpose of this study is to monitor the prevalence of shrimp pathogens in Karnataka. A total of 91 samples of P. vannamei post larvae and juveniles were collected from April 2022 to November 2022 in Karnataka. Samples were screened for pathogens as listed in Office of Internationale des Epizootics (OIE) or World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) which include infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV), Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP), acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV), infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV), yellow head virus (YHV), taura syndrome virus (TSV), white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), and other diseases such as decapod iridescent virus-1(DIV-1), and monodon baculovirus (MBV). Out of 91 samples, 5 (5.5%) samples were positive for WSSV, 26 (28.6%) samples were positive for EHP, and 2 (2.2%) samples had co-infection caused by EHP and WSSV. In this study, we have reported a high prevalence of EHP than WSSV in all three coastal districts of Karnataka. Farmers were using specific pathogen-free (SPF) seeds for culture but still, their cultures are getting infected with the same pathogens which indicates poor pond preparation and bio-security. So we strongly recommend that farmers have to follow good management practices and bio-security to increase the productivity and sustainability of P. vannamei farming in India.
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