Purpose. Political, national, religious, and other motivations have led the media and even scientists to errantly accept extreme longevity claims prima facie. We describe various causes of false claims of extraordinary longevity. Design and Methods. American Social Security Death Index files for the period 1980–2009 were queried for individuals with birth and death dates yielding ages 110+ years of age. Frequency was compared to a list of age-validated supercentenarians maintained by the Gerontology Research Group who died during the same time period. Age claims of 110+ years and the age validation experiences of the authors facilitated a list of typologies of false age claims. Results. Invalid age claim rates increase with age from 65% at age 110-111 to 98% by age 115 to 100% for 120+ years. Eleven typologies of false claims were: Religious Authority Myth, Village Elder Myth, Fountain of Youth Myth (substance), Shangri-La Myth (geographic), Nationalist Pride, Spiritual Practice, Familial Longevity, Individual and/or Family Notoriety, Military Service, Administrative Entry Error, and Pension-Social Entitlement Fraud. Conclusions. Understanding various causes of false extreme age claims is important for placing current, past, and future extreme longevity claims in context and for providing a necessary level of skepticism.
The Moosehorn Plutonic Suite in the coastal Maine magmatic province covers an area of approximately 250 km 2 in the area of Calais, Maine, and St. Stephen, New Brunswick. Based on a compilation of previous work combined with new fi eld mapping, geochronology, and petrochemical data, the Moosehorn Plutonic Suite (MPS) is interpreted to consist mainly of fi ve approximately contemporaneous plutons: Staples Mountain Gabbro, St. Stephen Gabbro, Calais Quartz Diorite, Baring Granite, and Elliott Mountain Diorite. The layered, sill-like Staples Mountain Gabbro is mainly mafi c, whereas the larger St. Stephen Gabbro consists of a core of dunite and troctolite, surrounded by olivine gabbro and gabbro layers. The latter unit grades to quartz diorite of the Calais Quartz Diorite, the most extensive component of the MPS. The Baring Granite consists of medium-grained biotite monzogranite, which is widely mingled with quartz diorite and diorite of the Calais Quartz Diorite. The latest pluton of the MPS appears to be the Elliott Mountain Diorite, which consists mainly of texturally varied dioritic rocks. Each pluton of the MPS is interpreted to have formed by magma differentiation to produce a range of derived compositions. Evidence for mingling and mixing between magmas is also widespread in the MPS, but was not investigated during this study. A sample from the Baring Granite yielded a U-Pb (zircon) crystallization age of 421.1 ± 0.8 Ma) and phlogopite from the olivine gabbro unit of the St. Stephen Gabbro yielded a 40 Ar/ 39 Ar cooling age of 421 ± 4 Ma. The gabbroic parts of the St. Stephen Pluton and the Calais Quartz Diorite are similar in petrochemistry to mafi c and intermediate parts of the Bocabec Pluton of the Saint George Batholith whereas the Baring Granite is similar to the granitic parts of the Bocabec Pluton. Plutons of the MPS generally have calc-alkalic to within-plate chemical characteristics, and their slightly negative (-0.4) to moderately positive (+3.4) ε Nd values are consistent with formation by melting of primitive lower crust, such as may have been present below the Mascarene and Ellsworth terranes. Melting likely occurred in a back-arc setting related to juxtaposition in the late Silurian between these terranes and more outboard terranes of the northern Appalachian orogen. RÉSUMÉ Le cortège plutonique de Moosehorn dans la province magmatique et côtière du Maine couvre une superfi cie d'environ 250 kilomètres carrés dans la région de Calais, au Maine, et de St. Stephen, au Nouveau-Brunswick. Selon une compilation de travaux antérieurs combinés à de nouvelles données pétrochimiques, géochronologiques et cartographiques obtenues sur le terrain, le cortège plutonique de Moosehorn (CPM) est interprété comme un ensemble principalement composé de cinq plutons plus ou moins cinq syngénétiques : le gabbro du mont Staples, le gabbro de St. Stephen, la diorite quartzite de Calais, le granite de Baring et la diorite du mont Elliott. Le gabbro stratifi é en fi lons-couches du mont Staples est principalement mafi ...
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