Even today, 28% HCWs in India are unvaccinated and 17% are unaware of their vaccination status. This data suggests that use of hepatitis B immune globulin be mandatory in needle-pricked HCWs in India, and that implementation of awareness strategies is urgent. Since the anti-HBs titers decline in a fair proportion, there is justification for giving a booster dose of vaccine 10 years after primary vaccination to HCWs in India.

These observations suggest a significant increase in the frequency of heartburn, hiatal hernia, and histologically identified gastritis in morbidly obese patients.

Background/aim: India has 63 million diabetic people and the overall prevalence of diabetes in this country is 8.37%. Lifestyle modification by education is the most cost-effective strategy to have better metabolic control. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a self-management educational program on control of type 2 diabetes Materials and methods: It was a randomized controlled interventional study conducted among 306 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending the Diabetic Clinic at G.T.B. Hospital, Delhi, from March 2010 to May 2013. The intervention was in the form of group education based on a self-management program, which was earlier developed in the pilot study. Results:The baseline characteristics were comparable in the two groups. After 6 months, there was a significant improvement in the HbA1c levels (P = 0.0001), physical activity level (P = 0.001), and BMI (P = 0.001) in the study group as compared to the control group and this difference persisted even when analysis was done using generalized estimation equations. Conclusion:The findings of this study proved that a self-management educational program is an essential component in the management of diabetes and provided concrete evidence that this is an effective instrument in the control of body weight, blood pressure, and glycated Hb levels in type 2 diabetes.

Introduction: Epidemiological studies suggest a protective role for β-carotene with several malignancies. Esophageal adenocarcinoma frequently arises from Barrett's esophagus (BE). We postulated that β-carotene therapy maybe protective in BE. Materials and Method: We conducted a prospective study in which 25 mg of β-carotene was administered daily for six-months to six patients. Each patient underwent upper endoscopy before and after therapy and multiple mucosal biopsies were obtained. Additionally, patients completed a gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms questionnaire before and after therapy and severity score was calculated. To study the effect of β-carotene at molecular level, tissue extracts of the esophageal mucosal biopsy were subjected to assessment of heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70). Results: A significant (p<0.05) reduction in mean GERD symptoms severity score from 7.0±2.4 to 2.7±1.7 following β-carotene therapy was noted. Measurement of Barrett's segment also revealed a significant reduction in mean length after therapy. In fact, two patients had complete disappearance of intestinal metaplasia. Furthermore, marked enhancement of HSP70 expression was demonstrated in biopsy specimens from Barrett's epithelium in four cases that were tested. Conclusions: Longterm β-carotene therapy realizes amelioration of GERD symptoms along with restitution of the histological and molecular changes in esophageal mucosa of patients with BE, associated with concurrent increase in mucosal HSP70 expression.