The prevalence of diabetes reaches epidemic proportions. Diabetes is the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) since 30–40% of diabetic patients develop diabetic nephropathy. Albuminuria and glomerular filtration rate used to assess kidney function are considered surrogate outcomes of chronic kidney disease. The search for a biomarker that predicts progression to diabetic kidney disease is intense. We analyzed the association of serum advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) index (AGI) with impaired kidney function in poorly controlled type II diabetic patients. We observed an association between AGI and impaired kidney function in microalbuminuria patients with hyperglycemia. A significant association between AGEs, particularly carboxymethyl lysine (CML), and impaired kidney function were observed. Administration of AGEs to mice showed heavy proteinuria and glomerular abnormalities. Reduced podocyte number in mice administered with AGEs could be attributed to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of podocytes. Our study suggests CML could be independently related to the podocyte injury and the risk of DN progression to ESKD in patients with microalbuminuria. AGEs in general or CML could be considered a prognostic marker to assess diabetic kidney disease.
Mangifera indica L. (mango) is said to be the king of fruits due to its rich nutritional properties and mainly originates from the Indian sub‐continent. The consumption pattern of the mangoes has increased drastically, due to which, many ripening practices/agents were used to make it ready‐to‐eat fruit or juice for the consumers. The fruit quality and metabolic composition are said to be altered due to different ripening agents/practices. The present communication mainly deals to understand the metabolic perturbations in mango fruits due to different ripening practices/agents (room temperature ripening, ethylene, and calcium carbide) using gas chromatography ‐ mass spectrometry based metabolomics. The partial least square‐discriminant analysis has found 16 differential metabolites for different ripening agents/practices which are belong to the classes of amino acids, fatty acids, sugars, and polyols. Four metabolic pathways were found to alter in the fruit metabolome due to different ripening agents/practices. Fructose, glucose, and galactose were found to be significantly up‐regulated due to calcium carbide ripening in comparison to other ripening agents/practices. Overall findings from the present study advocates that mass spectrometry based metabolomics can be valuable tool to understand the fruit quality and safety with respect to consumer health.
The study of fruit-ripening mechanism is vital as it plays a key role in the maintenance of fruit quality. Use of various xenobiotics for quick ripening has been shown to impact the quality of fruit, which in turn affect human health. In the present study, we made an attempt to understand the metabolic perturbations in Carica papaya Linn. (papaya), which has been ripened either by the ripening practice (room temperature process as control) and/or ripening agents (calcium carbide and ethylene) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) based metabolomics. The partial least squares-discriminant analysis has revealed significant alternations in 13 metabolites mainly sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, and organic acids as well as disturbances in five metabolic pathways due to different ripening practice/agents. The individual comparison of calcium carbide with control and ethylene with control has found 13 and 11 metabolites, respectively, which are common to the PLS-DA of three ripening groups. The GC-MS-based metabolomics has been able to predict the metabolic perturbations in papaya resulting from the ripening practice/agents. The findings from the present analysis has a wide application in food quality and will help to address safety concerns. K E Y W O R D S calcium carbide, ethylene, metabolomics, Papaya (Carica papaya Linn.), ripening agents 1 INTRODUCTION At present, various ripening agents are being used in the process of fruit ripening. The variations in the ripening process of fruit not only affect the fruit quality but also associated with several health concerns such as hormonal imbalance, cerebral edema, reduced immunity, hypoxia, hematological and biochemical parameter changes, and increased susceptibility to cancers. 1-4 Different ripening practices/agents are used mainly for fruits like mango, papaya, banana, plums, etc. 5 Ripening practices are used mainly to improve the appearance by maintaining uniformity in ripening and delivery of fruit for human consumption. However, these accelerated ripening processes may alter the fruit metabolism and fruit quality due to Abbreviations: AUROC, area under receiver operating characteristics; MetPA, metabolic pathway analysis; PCA, principal component analysis; PLS-DA, partial least squares-discriminant analysis; VIP, variable importance in projection This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Objective: Field experiments were conducted at Agricultural University, Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad, Telanagana to study the dissipation kinetics of carbendazim, monocrotophos, spiromesifen, acephate and quinalphos in okra fruit. Decontamination study was also conducted to evaluate quality of okra pods by reducing the residues of carbendazim, monocrotophos, spiromesifen, acephate and quinalphos by using different processes such as 2% salt solution, acetic acid, biowash, butter milk, cooking, drying, Formula 1(T7), frying, lemon water, sodium bicarbonate, tamarind water and tap water. Methods: All the pesticide residues with one test dose at two spray i.e., first spray at flowering stage and second spray after an interval of ten days was carried out. The samples drawn at specific periods were analyzed by liquid chromatography and mass spectrophotometry (LC-MS/MS). Results: The initial deposit of carbendazim, monocrotophos, spiromesifen, acephate and quinalphos in okra was found to be 2.239, 2.586, 2.401, 1.39, 0.78 mg/kg respectively. More than 98 % of carbendazim, spirofesifin, acephate and quinolphos dissipated after 15 d and monocrotophos was dissipated after 10 d. Sodium bicarbonate and 2% salt solution are the best methods for decontamination after cooking. The decontamination values of frying and formula 1 seems to be almost same. After these two methods biowash thought to be the method of choice. Conclusion: These results are helpful in setting up maximum residual limit (MRLs) of these pesticides in okra in India. From the results, it could be recommended that cooking suits best for almost all of the pesticide residues.
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