BACKGROUND Cancer of cervix is the third most common cancer in women and an important cause for mortality. This can be identified at preinvasive stage with the help of PAP smear screening program. We wanted to evaluate the use of PAP smear as a screening method for detecting precancerous lesions using Bethesda system 2016. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective study included 970 women who came to our OBG department during the period January 2016-December 2018. Gynaecological examination and PAP smear screening was done and was reported using Bethesda 2016. RESULTS A total of 970 PAP smears were examined of which 33.4% turned to be normal. 56.7% were of infectious and inflammatory aetiology and epithelial abnormalities were seen in 2.78%. 5.15% were inadequate samples. CONCLUSION PAP smear is a simple, non-invasive, cheap and effective test which has drastically brought down the incidence of cancer of cervix as it is detected and treated at an earlier stage.
BACKGROUND In clinical practice, thyroid nodules are very common, with wide disparity in incidence and histopathological pattern related to age, sex, dietary and environmental factors and are usually associated with a wide spectrum of diseases extending from functionally and immunologically mediated enlargement to neoplastic lesions. Thyroid cancer is the commonest endocrine cancer accounting for 92% of all the endocrine malignancies even though it is a relatively rare malignancy. The aim of this study was to estimate the frequency, age group, sex distribution, and various histopathological spectrum of lesions in the thyroid. METHODS The present study is a hospital based retrospective two-year study and was conducted in the
BACKGROUND Ovarian tumours are the 7 th most common cause of mortality. About 80% ovarian lesions are benign. The tumours that occur in the ovary are usually primary and metastatic cases have occasionally been reported. We wanted to analyse the spectrum of lesions in ovary. METHODS This is a retrospective study done in 3228 women who came to our hospital during the period January 2017-December 2018. All patients who had undergone ovariotomy were included in the study irrespective of whether hysterectomy was done or not. RESULTS A total of 3228 cases were examined of which 47.5% cases were normal. Non-neoplastic lesions constituted 38.7%. Among the neoplastic lesions, 12.7% cases were benign and 0.86% were malignant. CONCLUSIONS Ovarian tumours include a wide spectrum of lesions. Emergence of borderline tumours with prognostic difference from benign and malignant counterparts has added a new dimension to the research in field of ovarian tumours. Correlation of clinical and radiological findings has assisted the pathologist to arrive at a definite conclusion in almost all cases. Even then, we may require the help of modern techniques like IHC and hormonal studies. Understanding in detail about the different lesions in the ovary, their prognostic implications and differences in the treatment is also crucial in diagnosis. A proper, complete and definite diagnosis helps the clinician to initiate the best conservative treatment available.
BACKGROUND Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) can be defined as a clonal haematopoietic stem cell disorder characterized by ineffective haematopoiesis and leukemia progression. It represents the most common cause for bone marrow failure in adults. We wanted to compare the extent of dyspoiesis and RIPSS in assessing the risk score in MDS patients. METHODS This was a comparative study conducted in Amrita Institute of Medical Science, which included 4 years of retrospective and 2 years and 8 months of prospective data of patients who were Kipp diagnosed as MDS. Scoring was attempted by assessing morphological features of RBCs, WBCs and megakaryocytes. The morphology of these cases was reviewed, grouped and the findings in the two groups were compared with respect to the R-IPSS categories on 54 patients. RESULTS Morphological scoring was done on the extent of dyspoiesis. Number of cases in which dyspoiesis was below the mean value was 33, and were assigned as low risk group which comprised the majority, amounting to 18/33. In high risk and very high-risk groups we had 4 patients each. The cases with scores above the mean value were 3 in number among high risk and 3 in very high risk. We also had 7 cases each in low and intermediate grades and 1 case among the very low grade. From the data assessed, no concordance could be found between the morphological scoring and R-IPSS. CONCLUSIONS There was a significant number of patients in high risk and very high-risk group having a morphological score which was less than the mean value. This emphasizes the significance of assessing the morphology along with cytogenetic findings giving equal importance to both in all cases of MDS.
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