The expression of cytochrome P450 isoenzymes (subfamilies) CYP1A, CYP2B, CYP2C, CYP3A and CYP4A in the histologically normal cervix was explored using a panel of polyclonal antibodies. There was variation in the intensity of immunohistochemical reaction between the isoenzymes and between the various components of the cervix. Half the subjects tested were smokers and had increased urinary cotinine levels. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences between smokers and nonsmokers in the expression of these isoenzymes. The implications of these observations in relation to cervical carcinogenesis are discussed.
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a global lockdown of many countries, causing disruption in medicine and dentistry educational programmes. Examination formats were adapted to open book assessments to allow student progression. The aim of this review was to determine whether open book examinations (OBEs) have suitable evidence to support their inclusion alongside (or as a substitute for) closed book examinations (CBEs). METHODS In this systematic review, searches were conducted using the ERIC (Education Resources Information Center), MEDLINE® and Embase™ databases as well as the grey literature to identify articles that provided primary data on OBEs in medicine and dentistry programmes globally. In addition, reference lists of key papers were searched. Quality assessment was undertaken through an adapted appraisal tool. RESULTS Seven studies were included in the review. These comprised three randomised controlled trials, three non-randomised trials and one retrospective cohort study. All investigated OBEs in medicine. No studies were identified in dentistry. Learners reported a preference for OBEs. The use of resources was variable. However, this examination format resulted in higher mean scores than for CBEs. Clinicians reported using the same resources in OBEs as they do in their clinical practice, meaning the exam format may accurately represent the working environment. CONCLUSIONS OBEs can improve learner satisfaction, test higher order thinking skills and be a more accurate reflection of challenges encountered in clinical practice. They can help educators design assessments to fulfil regulatory requirements of students demonstrating independent clinical practice and their value should not be underestimated.
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