Multiple strategies are being developed for pest management of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura; however, there has been little published research thus far to determine how such strategies may influence each other, thereby complicating their potential effectiveness. A susceptible soybean (Glycine max L.) variety without the Rag1 gene and a near isogenic resistant soybean variety with the Rag1 gene were evaluated in the laboratory for their effects on the fitness of the soybean aphid parasitoid, Binodoxys communis (Gahan). The presence or absence of the Rag1 gene was verified by quantifying soybean aphid growth. To test for fitness effects, parasitoids were allowed to attack soybean aphids on either a susceptible or resistant plant for 24 h and then aphids were kept on the same plant throughout parasitoid development. Parasitoid fitness was measured by mummy and adult parasitoid production, adult parasitoid emergence, development time, and adult size. Parasitoids that attacked soybean aphids on susceptible plants produced more mummies, more adult parasitoids, and had a higher emergence rate compared with those on resistant plants. Adult parasitoids that emerged from resistant plants took 1 d longer and were smaller compared with those from susceptible plants. This study suggests that biological control by B. communis may be compromised when host plant resistance is widely used for pest management of soybean aphids.
‘Talon’ dark red kidney (Reg. No. CV‐314, PI 674157; PVP #201500067) and ‘Rosie’ light red kidney (Reg. No. CV‐313, PI 674156; PVP #201500066) are two new kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars developed by the dry bean breeding program at North Dakota State University and released by the North Dakota Agricultural Experimental Station. Talon has medium‐early maturity, while Rosie is late maturing. Both Talon and Rosie are high‐yielding cultivars with commercially acceptable seed size, shape, and appearance. Both Talon and Rosie were tested between 2006 and 2015 across 24 environments in Minnesota and North Dakota and have shown a superior seed yield compared with cultivars commonly grown in the region. Averaged across all environments, Talon produced 153 and 359 kg ha−1 more than ‘Montcalm’ and ‘Redhawk’, respectively. Rosie produced 991, 355, and 222 kg ha−1 more than ‘CELRK’, ‘Foxfire’, and ‘Pink Panther’, respectively. In comparison with the commercial checks, both Talon and Rosie displayed intermediate resistance to the root rot complex under field conditions in Minnesota. In addition, Talon displayed intermediate resistance and Rosie was rated as resistant to both common bacterial blight [caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Smith) Vauterin et al.] and halo blight [caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (Burkholder) Young et al.] in the field. The improved levels of resistance to both root rots and bacterial diseases combined with the superior agronomic performance over kidney bean cultivars commonly grown in the United States suggest that Rosie and Talon have the potential to be among the most important kidney cultivars in the United States.
Host plant resistance and biological control are important components of integrated pest management programs. However, plants expressing resistance to herbivores may also have direct or indirect negative effects on natural enemies simultaneously providing pest suppression. Soybean aphids (Aphis glycines Matsumura) are invasive and serious pests of soybean (Glycine max L.) in the United States. Several soybean lines with aphid resistance have been identified, but the long-term impact of these resistant plants on soybean aphid biological control agents is uncertain. In a previous study, we reported that a soybean aphid parasitoid, Binodoxys communis (Gahan) had lower mummy production on resistant plants compared with a near isogenic susceptible soybean line, but the reason for this was unclear. Therefore, we examined three possible mechanisms to explain these findings: 1) resistant plants directly impact wasp emergence and longevity, 2) varying aphid density influences parasitism rates, and 3) resistant plants indirectly affect wasp development through reduced aphid longevity. We found that parasitoids in this study were not directly influenced by resistant cultivars, as there was no difference in wasp adult emergence or longevity between resistant and susceptible plants. There was also no significant effect of aphid density on mummy production over the range of aphid densities we tested. However, aphids on resistant plants had significantly shorter lifespans and were unable to survive long enough to develop into mummies compared with aphids on susceptible plants. We discuss these results and possible implications for integrating biological control and host plant resistance within soybean aphid integrated pest management programs.
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