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BackgroundRecurrent pregnancy loss is defined as the loss of two or more pregnancies and is a distressing condition for couples.ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between variants in the candidate susceptibility genes and epigenetic factors to identify risk factors for idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss (iRPL).Search StrategyA systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Scopus databases. Insilico analysis was carried out using ShinyGO and STRING software.Selection CriteriaResearch papers examining the association between variations in genetic and epigenetic factors and iRPL.Data Collection and AnalysisData were independently extracted by two authors.Main ResultsIn total, 83 research papers were finally selected for the present study. Among all the genes involved in the pathogenesis of recurrent pregnancy loss, polymorphisms in IL superfamily genes, VEGF, ESR, and MTHFR were the most investigated.ConclusionPolymorphisms in angiogenesis, immune tolerance, and thrombophilia pathway genes, which occur independently or synergistically, may lead to various complications during fetal development. Identification of multi‐allele risk variants and epigenetic factors in women will be helpful in the identification of high‐risk pregnancies.Prospero Registration NumberProspero CRD42021287315.

Incidental noncardiac abnormalities are frequent in myocardial perfusion imaging studies. It is important for interpreting physicians to be aware of the spectrum of abnormalities that can be detected from these studies. This report describes four cases with polycystic kidney disease with or without liver involvement and one case with polycystic liver disease with corroborative radiological studies.

Active Queue Management (AQM) is congestion avoidance approach which provides an early notification of network congestion by actively dropping and marking packets which enables end hosts to adapt their transmission rates to network traffic conditions. For anticipitation of congestion notification Random Early Detection (RED) , well known AQM, uses average queue length as a congestion measure. In our work apart from using average queue length we have used combination of input rate and slight modification of threshold value and observed the impact of it on the performance of RED. Performance is observed in case of packet loss ratio and stability of average queue length. Mismatch behavior of average queue length and current queue length is improved. We have used ns-2 to implement our work. Keywords--Active Queue Management(AQM) Average queue size, Congestion Avoidance, Network Simulator (ns), RandomEarly Detection (RED ).

Active Queue Management (AQM) provide solution to Network congestion of Internet. Random Early Detection(RED) is the first well known AQM recommended by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) used for congestion avoidance for last three decades. RED has some disadvantages like hard tuning of control parameters, inefficient congestion notification, insensitivity to variation of traffic load. In this research work above issues are addressed and a mixed approach of threshold parameter tuning in terms of router buffer space and inclusion of traffic load in congestion notification along with average size is used. The approach is given the name LTRED, here L is for length of buffer and T stands for Threshold. In this research work, impact of variation of router queue size in terms of bandwidth under different traffic load scenario is observed and compared with standard AQM's like RED, ARED and AVQ. Extensive simulations using ns-2 simulator demonstrates that LTRED outperforms others in terms of effective utilization of router buffer space, less packet loss, high goodput and high link utilization.