Osteogenesis imperfecta is a heterogeneous group of hereditary disorders of connective tissue diseases characterized by increased bone fragility, low growth, sometimes accompanied by abnormalities within the dentine, blue sclera, and partial or total hearing impairment. The changes may affect all joints, including the cervical spine and temporomandibular joints in the future, resulting in pain. The aim of the present study was to assess whether there is a relationship between the active range of motion of the cervical spine and the mobility of temporomandibular joints due to differential diagnosis in children with osteogenesis imperfecta, and to present a prevention algorithm for temporomandibular disorders. The study involved a group of 34 children with osteogenesis imperfecta, and the control group included 23 children (age 9.1 ± 3.8 years). Data were collected through an interview based on the author’s questionnaire, and the physical examination consisted in measuring the mobility of the cervical spine using an inclinometer (Cervical Range of Motion Instrument), the Helkimo scale, and linear measurements. In children with congenital bone fragility, there were acoustic symptoms from the temporomandibular joints more often than in healthy children. A correlation was found between the mobility of the cervical spine and temporomandibular joints in the study group. In the case of detecting irregularities in the temporomandibular joints, children were ordered to perform jaw-tongue coordination exercises.
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed neoplastic disease in women, which leads to a significant deterioration in the quality of life and a reduction in the ability of women to function normally in everyday life. The main risk factor for breast cancer in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women is exposure to high levels of endogenous estrogen. It takes many years for neoplasia to develop, but lowering estrogen levels has been observed to reduce the risk of both a new diagnosis and recurrence of breast cancer. Observational studies have found that exercise reduces the level of bioavailable sex hormones, and thus may reduce the risk of developing breast cancer. Currently available evidence clearly shows that adequate levels of physical activity are associated with a 25-30% reduction in the average risk of breast cancer in women and play a role in its treatment. This review summarizes the data available in the literature on the effect of physical activity on the level of sex hormones in women, while presenting the biological mechanisms underlying the relationship between physical activity and the development of breast cancer. This issue requires further research, but already now, extensive educational campaigns are needed which can be aimed at young women to inform them on the possibility of significantly reducing their risk of breast cancer by introducing physical activity into their everyday lives.
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