IntroductionBladder exstrophy is the most common form of the exstrophy – epispadias complex. It is observed in 1:30 000 life births, about four times more often in boys than in girls. Iliac osteotomy is used to facilitate bringing together pubic bones and to minimize the tension of fused elements. To analyze complications after primary bladder exstrophy closure with a special consideration of the role of pelvic osteotomy.Material and methodIt is a retrospective study evaluating 100 patients (chosen by chance out of 356) with bladder exstrophy (65 boys and 35 girls), treated in Pediatric Urology Department of the Children's Memorial Health Institute in Warsaw, Poland between 1982 and 2006. All children underwent primary bladder exstrophy closure, among them 32 elsewhere. Primary bladder exstrophy closure with contemporary iliac osteotomy was done in 36 children. In the rest 64 patients bladder was closed without osteotomy, regardless child's age.ResultsDehiscence after primary closure followed with bladder prolaps occurred in 31 patients, among them 13 out of 68 (19%) operated in our department and 18 out of 32 (56%) operated in another hospital. Primary bladder exstrophy closure with contemporary iliac osteotomy was done in 32 infants above 72 hours of life.ConclusionsOsteotomy performed at primary bladder exstrophy closure diminishes the risk of wound dehiscence independently of patient's age. Posterior iliac osteotomy is sufficient and safe and could be repeated if necessary.
The aim of this article is to test explanatory potential of neurotheology -interdisciplinary branch of science which main goal is to explain religious experience by using neuroimaging techniques as well as methods and terms of modern neurobiology.In the introductory part of this paper, author tries to present general historical background of neurotheology and its philosophical outline. Subsequently, in the first chapter, author analyses assumptions and implications of localisationism -which is one of the two fundamental trends in neurotheologybased on studies of two prominent researchers: M. Persinger and V.S. Ramachandran. Chapter one also highlights impact of so called sacred disease -epilepsy -on neurotheology.The next chapter is concerned with the second principal trend in neurotheology, namely, equipotentism. At this point author describes the advantages and disadvantages of this current through doing an analysis of Newberg's and d'Aquili's work.In the last part of the article, author attempts to draw conclusions about explanatory capabilities and limits of neurotheology. The finding is that neurotheology offers tools and mechanisms only for narrowly defined religious experience and it should not be implemented to study of religion per se.
Neuroteologia -naturalistyczna konceptualizacja doświadczenia religijnegoW ostatnim czasie obserwuje się wzrost zainteresowania przedstawicieli nauk pozateologicznych (biologia ewolucjonistyczna, neurologia, psychologia, antropologia, etc.) zagadnieniami powiązanymi z religią, a w szczególności genezą i funkcjami adapcjonistycznymi religi i. Pod koniec XX wieku powstało dużo prac opisujących religie ze stanowiska nieuprawnionego (wrogiego) redukcj onizmu, który nierzadko sprowadza religię do atawistycznych odruchów fizjologicznych lub prostych funkcji mózgowych. W kontekście takiej atmosfery intelektualnej powstała neuroteologia, interdyscyplinarna nauka, która wykorzystuje najnowsze technologie wizualizacji obrazowej mózgu, aby zbadać, między innymi, genezę i funkcję religii. Potrzeba lepszego zrozumienia tej nowej dyscypliny
Komitet Stabilności Finansowej zapewnia ochronę stabilności systemu finansowego w Polsce. W artykule zostały omówione kompetencje Komitetu Stabilności Finansowej w zakresie nadzoru makroostrożnościowego oraz ryzyka systemowego. Ponadto uprawnienia i obowiązki wynikające z jego organizacji i trybu pracy. Autor przedstawił uwagi de lege lata oraz postulaty de lege ferenda. Temat pracy jest niewątpliwie aktualny i ważny, gdyż systemy finansowe, które są dominującym elementem większości gospodarek, cechują się dużą podatnością na zakłócenia stabilności.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.