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A hybrid antenna is proposed for future 4G/5G MIMO (multiple input multiple output) applications. The proposed antenna is composed of two antenna modules, namely, 4G antenna module and 5G antenna module. The 4G antenna module is a two-antenna array capable of covering the GSM850/900/1800/1900, UMTS2100, and LTE2300/2500 operating bands, while the 5G antenna module is an 8-antenna array operating in the 3.5 GHz band capable of covering the C band (3400-3600 MHz), which could meet the demand of future 5G application. Compared with ideal uncorrelated antennas in an 8 × 8 MIMO system, the 5G antenna module has shown good ergodic channel capacity of approximately 40 bps/Hz, which is only 6 bps/Hz lower than ideal case. This multi-mode hybrid antenna is fabricated, and typically experimental results such as S-parameter, antenna efficiency, radiation pattern, and envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) are presented.

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Using the quad‐antenna linear (QAL) array as a building block, the 8‐antenna and 16‐antenna arrays for the 3.5‐GHz long term evolution multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) operation in the smartphone are demonstrated. The QAL array has a planar structure of narrow width 3 mm (0.035λ) and short length 50 mm (0.58λ), with λ being the wavelength at 3.5 GHz. For the 8‐antenna array, two QAL arrays are disposed along two opposite side edges (denoted as Array A) or the same side edge (denoted as Array B) of the system circuit board of the smartphone. The obtained envelope correlation coefficient values of the antennas in Array A and B are shown. The calculated channel capacities for Array A and B applied in an 8 × 8 MIMO system are also analyzed. The 16‐antenna array formed by four QAL arrays disposed along two opposite side edges (denoted as Array C) is then studied. For operating in a 16 × 16 MIMO system, the calculated channel capacity of Array C can reach about 66–70 bps/Hz with a 20‐dB signal‐to‐noise ratio. The obtained channel capacity is about 5.7–6.1 times that (11.5 bps/Hz) of the upper limit of an ideal 2 × 2 MIMO system with 100% antenna efficiency for the antennas therein. Details of the proposed Array A, B, and C are described, and the obtained results are presented. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:174–181, 2016

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A 10‐antenna array operating in the 3.6‐GHz band (3400–3800 MHz) for multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) operation in the smartphone is presented. Each antenna in the proposed array is a microstripline‐fed open‐slot antenna with same small dimensions of 3 × 8 mm2 (0.036λ × 0.096λ, λ is the wavelength at 3.6 GHz). The proposed array consists of two symmetric five‐antenna arrays disposed, respectively, along two long side edges of the system ground plane of the smartphone. The proposed array is expected to be placed in the narrow spacing between the display panel and the long side edges of the smartphone. Acceptable isolation (better than about 10 dB) and good envelop correlation coefficient (ECC) of less than 0.1 for any two antennas in the proposed array is obtained. The maximum channel capacity of the proposed array in a 10 × 10 MIMO system is calculated to reach about 47 bps/Hz at 20‐dB signal‐to‐noise ratio, which is larger than four times that (11.5 bps/Hz) of the upper limit of an ideal 2 × 2 MIMO system with 100% antenna efficiency and zero ECC between antennas. Details of the proposed 10‐antenna array are described, and the experimental results are presented and discussed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:1699–1704, 2015

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