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Statistics.No statistical method was used to predetermine the sample size. The values are presented as mean ± SEM. Statistical differences between the experimental and control groups were determined by 2-tailed t test (either unpaired or paired) using Microsoft Excel and GraphPad Prism 6 (GraphPad Software, Inc.). P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Box-and-whisker plots were drawn using GraphPad Prism 6.Study approval. Approval of the animal-based studies was obtained from the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees at the USC. Deidentified human cornea rims were obtained after the excision of the cornea for transplantation under the approval of the Institutional Review Board of the USC.
Since the initial outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), extensive research has emerged from across the globe to understand the pathophysiology of this novel coronavirus. Transmission of this virus is a subject of particular interest as researchers work to understand which protective and preventative measures are most effective. Despite the well understood model of aerosol-respiratory mediated transmission, the exact mechanism underlying the inoculation, infection and spread of COVID-19 is currently unknown. Given anatomical positioning and near constant exposure to aerosolized pathogens, the eye may be a possible gateway for COVID-19 infection. This critical review explores the possibility of an ocular-systemic or ocular–nasal–pulmonic pathway of COVID-19 infection and includes novel insights into the possible immunological mechanisms leading to cytokine surge.
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