Stambolliu, E.; Ioakeim-Ioannidou, M.; Kontokostas, K.; Dakoutrou, M.; Kousoulis, A.A. (2017) This review aimed at reporting its main non-neurological comorbidities. METHODS: Following PRISMA guidelines, search in Medline was conducted (2000-2014, keyword dandywalker). Age, sex, country, DWS type, consanguinity or siblings with DWS, and recorded coexistent conditions (by ICD10 category) were extracted for 187 patients (46.5% male, 43% from Asia) from 168 case reports. RESULTS: Diagnosis was most often set in <1y.o. (40.6%) or >12y.o. (27.8%). One-third of cases had a chromosomal abnormality or syndrome (N=8 PHACE), 27% had a cardiovascular condition (N=7 Patent Ductus Arteriosus), 24% had a disease of eye and ear (N=9 cataract); most common malignancy was nephroblastoma (N=8, all Asian). Almost one-fifth had a mental illness diagnosis; only 6.4% had mild or severe intellectual disability. CONCLUSION: The spread of comorbidities calls for early diagnosis and multidisciplinary research and practice, especially as many cases remain clinically asymptomatic for years.

Background: Rapidly progressive dementia (RPD) is a clinical syndrome developing in <1 to 2 years. Recent progress in RPD evaluation is significant, so RPD’s prevalence may change over time. The aim of our new case series was to estimate the relative frequency of RPDs’ causative entities, considering the recent advances in RPDs’ diagnosis, and compare the results with those of our previous report. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 47 patients who were referred to Attikon University Hospital during a 5-year period for a suspected RPD. Results: Neurodegenerative diseases were the most frequent causes (38%), followed by prion disease (19%) and autoimmune encephalopathy (AE, 17%). AE cases were by far more common than in our previous report, while other than AE secondary causes were significantly decreased. Mean time to dementia was 9 months in neurodegenerative diseases and 5 months in non-neurodegenerative. Main clinical findings across all patients were memory impairment (66%) and behavioral-emotional disturbances (48%). Conclusions: Neurodegenerative diseases are common causes of RPD and have a slower evolution than non-neurodegenerative. Diagnostic novelties enabled the recognition of AE, whereas more common secondary causes are probably now diagnosed in primary settings since the recognition of RPD as distinct clinical entity is continually increasing.