BackgroundRecent studies have reported an association between dietary caffeine intake (coffee and tea) and the presence of depressive symptoms. However, the findings are not conclusive.PurposeThis study aimed to examine the correlation between the consumption of dietary caffeine (coffee and tea) and the presence of depressive symptoms in adults.MethodsPubMed and Scopus databases were searched until December 2021. Two investigators analyzed data from identified studies and rated the quality of the evidence using the GRADE approach. Using the random-effects models, we estimated the relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We also modeled the dose-response associations through a one-stage, weighted mixed-effects meta-analysis.ResultsA total of 29 eligible studies included a total of 422,586 participants. On comparing the highest with the lowest category in cohort studies, we identified an inverse association between the intake of coffee and depressive symptoms (RR: 0.89, 95%CI: 0.82–0.95; I2 = 63.7%, GRADE = low). There was a 4% reduction in the risk of depression associated with an increase in coffee intake of 240 ml/day (RR: 0.96, 95%CI: 0.95, 0.98; I2 = 22.7%). By comparing the highest category with the lowest category in cohort studies, we discovered that caffeine intake was inversely associated with depressive symptoms (RR: 0.86, 95%CI: 0.79, 0.93; I2 = 0.0%, GRADE = moderate). Based on our data analysis, no correlation exists between tea consumption and depressive symptoms.ConclusionAccording to our findings, coffee and dietary caffeine may have a protective effect against the development of depression. However, no evidence suggesting a link between tea consumption and reduced depressive symptoms has been found. Therefore, further longitudinal studies are needed to substantiate the causal relationship between coffee, tea, and caffeine and the risk of depression.

Background The association between the Mediterranean-DASH diet Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet, odds, and severity of anxiety disorders (AD) is still unclear. We aimed to investigate whether adherence to MIND diet is associated with odds and severity of AD. Methods The present case–control study carried out on 85 patients who were group matched by gender with 170 healthy subjects. Data for dietary intake was assessed by using a 147-item validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Anthropometric measures were collected using standard methods. The MIND diet score was calculated using FFQ. We assessed anxiety disorder severity using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) questionnaire. Multivariate odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to investigate the association of MIND diet and anxiety disorder. Results We observed that higher adherence to MIND diet was associated with the lower GAD-7 score (p < 0.001). Individuals in the top category of MIND diet score were 97% less likely to have AD compared with those in the bottom category (OR: 0.03, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.09). There was significant reverse linear association between MIND diet score and AD (β = -3.63, p < 0.001). Conclusions In conclusion, we provided some evidence indicating negative association between adherence to MIND diet, odds, and severity of AD. Finally, due to the probable preventive role of diet, it is vital to clarify the association between diet and AD through large-scale prospective cohort studies in the future.

Diet may be a modifiable factor in the prevention of psychiatric disorders by modulating inflammation. In this study, we evaluated the association between empirical dietary inflammatory index (EDII) that is designed to evaluate the inflammatory potential of diets and anxiety disorders (AD) in adults. This case–control study was carried out on 85 patients who were group matched by gender with 170 healthy subjects. Data for dietary intake were assessed by using a 147‐item validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Anthropometric measures were collected using standard methods. EDII score was developed according to participants' dietary intakes of 28 predefined food groups. Multivariate odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to investigate the association of empirically derived inflammatory potential of the diet and anxiety disorder. We observed that after adjusting for confounders, individuals in the top category of EDII score were 2.09 fold more likely to have anxiety disorder compared with those in the bottom category (OR: 2.09, 95% CI: 1.01, 4.33). Also, higher EDII contributed to a higher GAD‐7 score (p < .001). There was a significant positive linear association between EDII and AD (β = 3.64, p < .001). After controlling for potential confounders AD had a strong positive correlation with the EDII score (r = .61, p‐value <.001). In conclusion, in this case–control study, we realized that there is a positive association between the EDII score, odds, and severity of anxiety disorder. Ultimately, the potential role necessitates clarifying this association by conducting large‐population prospective cohort studies.

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Background No study has examined the combined association of dietary inflammatory index (DII) of the diet and resting metabolic rate (RMR) on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Therefore, we investigated the combined association between DII and RMR on CRF. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 270 adult subjects. The DII was calculated using a validated semi-quantified food frequency questionnaire. RMR was measured using an indirect calorimetric method. Socioeconomic status, anthropometric measures, body composition and blood pressure were documented by a trained interviewer. CRF was assessed by using Bruce protocol. Binary logistic regression was performed to find the association of CRF with DII/RMR categories in various models. Results The participants categorized into four groups including: (1) low DII/high RMR, (2) low DII/low RMR, (3) high DII/low RMR, (4) high DII/high RMR. The mean of VO2Max (mL/kg/min), VO2max (L/min) and VO2max relative to lean body mass (LBM) was lower in participants that were classified as high DII/low RMR compared to those in low DII/high RMR. After controlling for age, sex, education status, smoking status, and physical activity those who were in the high DII/low RMR group, compared to the low DII/high RMR group were 28% less likely to have higher VO2max (ml/kg/min) (OR 0.72; 95% CI 0.18, 0.82, p = 0.04). Moreover, had 25% lower odds of VO2max (L/min) which was significant (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.11, 0.89, p = 0.03). In addition, were 21% less likely to have higher VO2max (LBM) (OR 0.79; 95% CI 0.30, 0.92, p = 0.02). Conclusions Overall, consumption of a pro-inflammatory diet in combination with low RMR status is associated with lower odds of CRF compared to those who had anti-inflammatory diet in combination with high RMR status among Iranian healthy adults. This study suggests that researchers should focus on combined relationships rather than single pair-wise associations for having a better judgment.