Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most important contributing factors to infertility. In this study, we report the burden of PCOS by age and sociodemographic index (SDI) for the 21 countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Publicly available data on the point prevalence, incidence and years lived with disability (YLDs), from 1990 to 2019, were retrieved from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study for the 21 countries in MENA. The results are presented with age-standardised numbers and rates per 100,000 population, along with their corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). In 2019, the age-standardised point prevalence and incidence rate for PCOS in the MENA region were 2079.7 (95% UI: 1392.0 to 2812.3) and 77.2 (95% UI: 51.6 to 105.4) per 100,000, respectively, which represents a 37.9% (95% UI: 31.7 to 45.0) and a 33.7% (95% UI: 27.7 to 40.3) increase since 1990, respectively. Also in 2019, the age-standardised YLD rate of PCOS in this region was 18.7 (95% UI: 7.8 to 37.9) per 100,000 women, which has increased by 36.1% (95% UI: 29.4 to 43.4) since 1990. Kuwait [25.4 (10.7, 51.2)] had the highest age-standardised YLD rate, while Afghanistan [10.8 (10.1, 49.2)] had the lowest. Moreover, the largest increase in the YLD rate, from 1990 to 2019, was seen in Sudan [90.3% (64.1, 120.9)], whereas no country decreased during the measurement period. The total prevalent number and point prevalence of PCOS (per 100,000) were both highest in the 20–24 age group. The prevalence of PCOS was highest among women of reproductive age, but decreased rapidly after 45 years of age. Moreover, at the country level there was a positive association between SDI and the age-standardised YLD rates of PCOS. The growing prevalence and burden of PCOS in the MENA region highlights the need to implement cost-effective preventive programs, especially for women in their third decade of life, and in MENA countries with higher SDI levels.
Objectives: To report the burden of cancers and their attributable risk factors among Iranian adults aged 70 and older by age, sex and type of cancer from 1990 to 2019. Design: Systematic analysis. Outcome Measures: Data on the incidence, death, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to cancers were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2019 for Iranian adults aged 70 and older from 1990 to 2019. The counts and age-standardized rates (per 100000) were reported, as well as 95% uncertainty intervals. Results: In 2019, cancers had an age-standardized incidence rate of 10985.6 per 100000for adults aged 70 and above in Iran and an age-standardized death rate of 853.2, which was 13.8% higher than in 1990. In 2019, the age-standardized DALY rate was 11892.5, which had not changed significantly since 1990. The age-standardized DALY rates of cancers, among Iranian adults aged 70 and older, were the highest and lowest in Ardebil (17246.2) and Hormozgan (7723.1), respectively. The age-standardized DALY rates peaked in the 75-79 age group and then reduced with advancing age. The rates for males were higher than for females. Nationally, high tobacco consumption (18.0%), high body mass index (BMI) (5.1%), high fasting plasma glucose (5.0%), and dietary risks (5.0%) had the four highest attributable DALYs for cancers in 2019. Finally, stomach cancer, tracheal, bronchus and lung cancer, and colon and rectum cancer had the highest DALY rates among the elderly Iranian population in 2019. Conclusions: Despite the steady incidence rate of cancers, the mortality rate among elderly Iranians has risen over the last three decades. The implementation of cancer prevention measures, in particular screening programs, would help alleviate the future increase in the burden of cancer among the elderly in Iran.
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