Biodiesel production from Nannochloropsis is investigated in the current study. Based on the extraction studies, the used biomass is composed of 50% saponifiable lipids, which turns this species to a vulnerable feedstock for biodiesel production. It should also be noted that the acidity of the obtained crude bio‐oil is higher than 2 mg KOH/g, hence it was attempted to survey the biodiesel production from the obtained oil through the esterification reaction with the aid of response surface methodology (RSM). According to the data, the highest biodiesel yield (99.5%) from the bio‐oil is obtained at a reaction temperature of 69°C, a reaction time of 30 min, a methanol to oil molar ratio of 9:1, and an H2SO4 concentration of 0.13 wt.%. In the next step, the in‐situ extraction and esterification of Nannochloropsis were investigated at the observed optimum reaction conditions. Based on the analysis, biodiesel yield from the dry cell weight of the biomass is considered to be 16%, which accounts for 99% conversion of bio‐oil to biodiesel.
Background Dynamic knee valgus (DKV) is a multi-planar faulty movement pattern that can cause faulty postural control. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the differences in postural sway (PS) between individuals aged 18–30 years old diagnosed with and without DKV. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 62 students (39 males and 23 females) with and without DKV (age: 24.58 ± 2.63 years) were selected and assigned to two groups by conducting the single-leg squat test in the screening stage. The Biodex balance system was then employed to compare the two groups in PS. Mann–Whitney U test was conducted to compare the groups in PS (p ≤ 0.05). Results The study’s findings indicate that individuals with DKV did not exhibit any significant differences, compared to those without, about the anterior-posterior stability index (with p values for both static and dynamic situations at 0.309 and 0.198, respectively), medial-lateral stability index (with p values for both static and dynamic situations at 0.883 and 0.500, respectively), and overall stability index (with p values for both static and dynamic situations at 0.277 and 0.086, respectively). Conclusion Though several possible factors could contribute to the lack of significant differences in postural sway between individuals with and without DKV, such as measurement tool differences, variable sensitivity in postural stability tests, and differences in movement variability and test stance, we recommend analyzing postural sway in more functional tasks and with different methodological patterns in future studies. Such research could help develop targeted interventions for individuals with DKV and offer a better understanding of the relationship between postural control and DKV.
Background: Dynamic knee valgus (DKV) is a multi-planar faulty movement pattern that can cause faulty postural control. This study aimed to compare individuals with and without DKV aged 18–30 years old in terms of postural sway (PS). Methods: Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 62 individuals with (33) and without (29) DKV were selected and assigned to two groups by conducting the single-leg squat test in the screening stage. The Biodex balance system was then employed to compare the two groups in PS. Mann–Whitney U test was conducted to compare the groups in PS. The statistical significance was set at an alpha of p ≤ 0.05. Results: The result showed that there were no significant differences between individuals with and without DKV in terms of the anterior-posterior, medial-lateral, and overall stability indices (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Apparently, there are no significant differences between individuals with and without DKV in PS due to several possible factors including differences in the measurement tools for postural control, the sensitivity of variables in the postural stability test, and the movement variability and postural stability test (single-leg stance versus double-leg stance). Therefore, it is suggested that future studies should analyze PS in more functional tasks by changing the methodological patterns.
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