Social smoking is a newly identified phenomenon in the young adult population that is poorly understood. We investigated differences in social smoking (smoking most commonly while partying or socializing) and other smoking within a convenience sample of college smokers (n = 351) from a large midwestern university. Results revealed that 70% of 351 current (past 30-day) smokers reported social smoking. No significant difference was found in motivation to quit between smoking groups. However, a significant difference was found between groups in confidence to quit, the number of days smoked, and the number of cigarettes smoked on those days. More social smokers than expected did not perceive themselves as smokers. Logistic regression analysis revealed that lower physical and psychological dependence and higher social support scores predicted social smoking.

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Summary The requirement of expensive precious metal catalysts as electrode materials in fuel cells remains a major obstacle to commercialization. In this work, two ascorbate fuel cells are fabricated without precious metal catalysts and are operated at 60°C with an alkaline fuel stream consisting of ascorbate and NaOH. A split pH ascorbate‐peroxide fuel cell utilizing a Cu/C anode and carbon black cathode was fabricated with a Na+ conducting cation exchange membrane and operated with H2O2 in H2SO4 as the oxidant. It achieved a maximum power density of 51 mW cm−2 and an open circuit voltage of 1.05 V. This power density is comparable to previous ascorbate and ascorbic acid fuel cells that utilized precious metal catalysts (ie, Pd, Pt). Notably, the performance was achieved with simple Cu and C electrodes. For comparison, an alkaline ascorbate fuel cell was prepared that employed a Cu/C anode and ACTA cathode (FeCo/C) separated by an anion exchange membrane and used oxygen gas as the oxidant. It produced a maximum power density of 6 mW cm−2 and an open circuit voltage of 0.48 V. These ascorbate fuel cells demonstrate the opportunity to replace precious metal catalysts in order to dramatically lower the cost of fuel cell electrodes with comparable performance to counterpart ascorbate fuel cells previously employing precious metal catalysts.

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