The genus Neonella Gertsch, 1936 contains 12 species with an exclusive New World distribution (World Spider Catalog 2015). The genus was proposed by Gertsch (1936) to include N. vinnula Gertsch, 1936 from Florida and Texas, USA. Remaining species were added by Galiano (1965, 1988, 1998) and, more recently, Edwards (2003), Ruiz & Brescovit (2004), and Ruiz et al. (2007).

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Knowledge on biodiversity is fundamental for conservation strategies. The Brazilian Pampa region, located in subtropical southern Brazil, is neglected in terms of conservation, and knowledge of its biodiversity is fragmented. We aim to answer the question: how many, and which, species occur in the Brazilian Pampa? In a collaborative effort, we built species lists for plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi that occur in the Brazilian Pampa. We included information on distribution patterns, main habitat types, and conservation status. Our study resulted in referenced lists totaling 12,503 species (12,854 taxa, when considering infraspecific taxonomic categories [or units]). Vascular plants amount to 3,642 species (including 165 Pteridophytes), while algae have 2,046 species (2,378 taxa) and bryophytes 316 species (318 taxa). Fungi (incl. lichenized fungi) contains 1,141 species (1,144 taxa). Animals total 5,358 species (5,372 taxa). Among the latter, vertebrates comprise 1,136 species, while invertebrates are represented by 4,222 species. Our data indicate that, according to current knowledge, the Pampa holds approximately 9% of the Brazilian biodiversity in an area of little more than 2% of Brazil's total land. The proportion of species restricted to the Brazilian Pampa is low (with few groups as exceptions), as it is part of a larger grassland ecoregion and in a transitional climatic setting. Our study yielded considerably higher species numbers than previously known for many species groups; for some, it provides the first published compilation. Further efforts are needed to increase knowledge in the Pampa and other regions of Brazil. Considering the strategic importance of biodiversity and its conservation, appropriate government policies are needed to fund studies on biodiversity, create accessible and constantly updated biodiversity databases, and consider biodiversity in school curricula and other outreach activities.

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The spider genus Euryopis Menge, 1868 (Theridiidae) currently comprises 76 described species worldwide and only two described species from Brazil and none for Bolivia. In this paper four new species of Euryopis from Brazil and Bolivia are described and illustrated: Euryopis candiota n. sp.; Euryopis nasuta n. sp.; Euryopis catarinensis n. sp. all from Brazil and Euryopis boliviensis n. sp. from Bolivia. New records from Brazil are provided for E. camis Levi, 1963 and E. spinifera O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1895.

Huriini Simon, 1901 currently consists of six genera and 17 species, distributed exclusively in South America. In this work, the huriine genus Guriurius Marta, Bustamante, Ruiz & Rodrigues, gen. nov. is proposed with two new species herein described: Guriurius minuano Marta, Bustamante, Ruiz & Rodrigues, sp. nov. (type species) and Guriurius nancyae Marta, Bustamante, Ruiz & Rodrigues, sp. nov. The female of Atelurius segmentatus Simon, 1901 is described and illustrated for the first time. Scoturius dipterioides Perger & Rubio, 2018 is transferred to Atelurius Simon, 1901 due to the morphological similarity of copulatory ducts of epigyne, and Hurius pisac Galiano, 1985 is transferred to Simonurius Galiano, 1988 due to the similarities in body shape and female genitalia. Simonurius campestratus (Simon, 1901) is synonymized with Simonurius quadratarius (Simon, 1901). The interpretation of genitalic characters in Huriini is discussed. In addition, we provide new distributional records for Admesturius bitaeniatus (Simon, 1901), Ad. mariaeugeniae Bustamante & Scioscia, 2014, Ad. schajovskoyi Galiano, 1988, At. segmentatus Simon, 1901, Scoturius tigris Simon, 1901, Hurius aeneus (Mello-Leitão, 1941), and Simonurius gladifer (Simon, 1901). Except for Urupuyu Ruiz & Maddison, 2015, all huriine genera are rediagnosed in the new context of tribe and genus composition.

The genus Tullgrenella Mello-Leitão, 1941 presently consists of 13 exclusively Neotropical species. In this paper both sexes of two new species are described from Bolivia: Tullgrenella nadjae sp. nov. and Tullgrenella brescoviti sp. nov. The female of T. guayapae Galiano, 1970 is described and illustrated for the first time. Additionally, new records from southern Brazil are provided for T. guayapae, T. serrana Galiano, 1970, T. quadripunctata (Mello-Leitão, 1944) and T. yungae Galiano, 1970.

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