BackgroundGermline nuclear RNAi in C. elegans is a transgenerational gene-silencing pathway that leads to H3K9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) and transcriptional silencing at the target genes. H3K9me3 induced by either exogenous double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) or endogenous siRNA (endo-siRNA) is highly specific to the target loci and transgenerationally heritable. Despite these features, the role of H3K9me3 in siRNA-mediated transcriptional silencing and inheritance of the silencing state at native target genes is unclear. In this study, we took combined genetic and whole-genome approaches to address this question.ResultsHere we demonstrate that siRNA-mediated H3K9me3 requires combined activities of three H3K9 histone methyltransferases: MET-2, SET-25, and SET-32. set-32 single, met-2 set-25 double, and met-2 set-25;set-32 triple mutant adult animals all exhibit prominent reductions in H3K9me3 throughout the genome, with met-2 set-25;set-32 mutant worms losing all detectable H3K9me3 signals. Surprisingly, loss of high-magnitude H3K9me3 at the native nuclear RNAi targets has no effect on the transcriptional silencing state. In addition, the exogenous dsRNA-induced transcriptional silencing and heritable RNAi at oma-1, a well-established nuclear RNAi reporter gene, are completely resistant to the loss of H3K9me3.ConclusionsNuclear RNAi-mediated H3K9me3 in C. elegans requires multiple histone methyltransferases, including MET-2, SET-25, and SET-32. H3K9me3 is not essential for dsRNA-induced heritable RNAi or the maintenance of endo-siRNA-mediated transcriptional silencing in C. elegans. We propose that siRNA-mediated transcriptional silencing in C. elegans can be maintained by an H3K9me3-independent mechanism.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13072-017-0114-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Infiltrating leukocytes are exposed to a wide range of tissue elasticities. While we know the effects of substrate elasticity on acute inflammation via the study of neutrophil migration, we do not know its effects on leukocytes that direct chronic inflammatory events. Here, we studied morphology and motility of macrophages, the innate immune cells that orchestrate acute and chronic inflammation, on polyacrylamide hydrogels that mimicked a wide range of tissue elasticities. As expected, we found that macrophage spreading area increased as substrate elasticity increased. Unexpectedly, we found that morphology did not inversely correlate with motility. In fact, velocity of steady-state macrophages remained unaffected by substrate elasticity, while velocity of biologically stimulated macrophages was limited on stiff substrates. We also found that the lack of motility on stiff substrates was due to a lack of lipid rafts on the leading edge of the macrophages. This study implicates lipid rafts in the mechanosensory mechanism of innate immune cell infiltration.
Glioblastoma (GB) is the most common and aggressive form of malignant primary brain tumors in adults. Immunotherapeutics are a promising avenue of treatment, but their effectiveness can improve if we further understand the immune system's role in tumor progression. The tumor extracellular matrix (ECM) and tumor-associated macrophages promote tumor growth and invasion, but the effect of the tumor ECM on macrophage activity is unknown. We hypothesize that the physical and biological properties of the tumor ECM drive macrophage phenotypes that promote tumor growth. In this study, we investigated the ECM-macrophage interface from both a biological and physical perspective. We found that tumor ECM stiffness and composition promoted the proinflammatory activity of macrophages in short-term cultures. This is surprising considering most investigators have found that macrophages have anti-inflammatory activity in mouse tumors. We also examined whether proinflammatory mediators were present in GB tumors. We found that TNF-alpha, a proinflammatory cytokine, was present in 7 out of 7 tumors of patients with GB. Also, we found that IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, was present in 6 out of 6 tumors of patients with GB. Our results show a need to clinically define the inflammatory activity in the tumor microenvironment and identify the mechanisms that drive inflammation.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.