Abstract:We adapt the victimology of ‗state harms' framework outlined by Kauzlarich et al. (Critical Criminology, 10(3), 2001) to understand the post-exoneration experiences of 18 death row exonerees. Kauzlarich et al. develop six points of commonality shared by most victims of state crime. Application of this framework to death row exonerees highlights the role the state plays in creating and exacerbating the harms they suffer. This analysis also lays a foundation for further theoretical inquiry into the wrongful conviction of the innocent as a form of state crime. Article:In 2003, we began interviewing death row exonerees about their post-exoneration lives. This inquiry was prompted by the substantive growth in academic attention to cases and causes of wrongful convictions since the publication of Radelet, Bedau, and Putnam's In Spite of Innocence [28] 10 years prior, and a substantive dearth of attention to the experiences of exonerees after their release from prison. We began with one primary question-What is the impact of a wrongful capital conviction and incarceration on those individuals who have been exonerated and released?-and several sub-questions: What are the primary issues and obstacles they confront when released? How do they cope with these issues? How do they rebuild their lives? What factors affect their abilities to cope and rebuild effectively?The initial guiding theoretical frameworks in this investigation were drawn from the social psychological literature on trauma management and recovery. We did not explicitly aim to contribute to the state crime literature. But, because the approach has been inductive, rather than deductive While not a fully formed theory of wrongful convictions as state crime, the analysis offered here is a hopeful step in that direction. As noted by Leo [18; p. 213], the scholarly study of wrongful convictions is -theoretically impoverished.‖ Research is dominated by case studies, analyses of legal causes, and calls for reform but falls short of providing theoretical understanding of the production and consequences of wrongful convictions. Leo [18; p. 215] urges social scientists to -draw on existing social science frameworks . . . to identify the various levels of analysis on which comprehensive theory . . . might be built.‖ Here, we use Kauzlarich et al.'s [13] analysis of state crime victims to identify how the state produces and exacerbates the harms exonerees suffer after release. Analyses available in the state crime literature may provide inroads into theorizing wrongful convictions in response to Leo's criticism.Similar to Leo's assessment of the wrongful conviction literature, Kauzlarich et al. [13; p. 174] criticize the rate of -theoretical and empirical‖ development in the study of state crime, especially with regard to the victimology of state crime. While a wide range of state crime victims have been identified [13; p. 175], the sub-field lacks

White privilege is a system of benefits, advantages, and opportunities experienced by White persons in our society simply because of their skin color. In this article, the authors present the results of a descriptive, exploratory study of White privilege in battered women's shelters in the Deep South. Based on a qualitative analysis, the authors show how White privilege is intricately connected to executive directors' claims of color blindness, the othering of women of color, and viewing White as the norm. The authors conclude the article with implications for service provision to battered women and directions for future research.

This article analyses social dynamics in restorative justice conferences employing two distinct meanings of accountability: one embodied in performing gendered (and other) social relations, and the second, in performing remorse. Engaging feminist theory of ‘doing gender’ and structured action, offenders’ accounts of their behaviour, gendered participation of parents and community representatives are analysed. Specifically examined are three ideals of restorative justice: empowerment, remorse and reintegration, and bridging barriers between participants. The data analysed are from extensive field notes collected during six months of research into restorative justice in Australia and as a practitioner in Maine. Analyses reveal that achieving these ideals is more elusive than anticipated. Rather, accountability dynamics around gender, race and social class reinforce social privileges and disadvantage.

This study investigates the cross-national correlates of intimate partner violence against women with a sample of 40 developed and less developed countries. Specifically, we analyze physical intimate partner violence against women during the 12 months prior to data collection, using data from nationally representative surveys. In the process, we examine the evidence for three explanations we discern from the literature: empowerment of women, cultural context (i.e. religion, institutions), and globalization. The results of our analyses provide strong support for the empowerment of women explanation, which draws from feminist concerns regarding socio-economic status of women, and reveal some effect of cultural context and globalization. Female labor force participation in non-agricultural sectors and women’s secondary school enrollment decrease the likelihood of intimate partner violence while increasing total fertility rate signals more partner violence. Religious fractionalization and dependence on high-income countries as export partners also increase the likelihood of intimate partner violence against women.

Since the onset of land application of poultry litter, transportation of microorganisms, antibiotics, and disinfectants to new locations has occurred. While some studies provide evidence that antimicrobial resistance (AMR), an evolutionary phenomenon, could be influenced by animal production systems, other research suggests AMR originates in the environment from non-anthropogenic sources. In addition, AMR impacts the effective prevention and treatment of poultry illnesses and is increasingly a threat to global public health. Therefore, there is a need to understand the dissemination of AMR genes to the environment, particularly those directly relevant to animal health using the One Health Approach. This review focuses on the potential movement of resistance genes to the soil via land application of poultry litter. Additionally, we highlight impacts of AMR on microbial ecology and explore hypotheses explaining gene movement pathways from U.S. broiler operations to the environment. Current approaches for decreasing antibiotic use in U.S. poultry operations are also described in this review.