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The high number and rate of serious or potentially serious injuries occurring to the head and face in female collegiate field hockey players is a concern. Prevention measures, including better protective equipment for the head and face, may help reduce future head and facial injuries in these athletes.

Background: Dominant approaches to understanding alcohol consumption and preventing misuse focus on cognitive antecedents of drinking behaviour. However, these approaches are not only limited, but ignore wider contextual factors. Adopting an ecological approach, this paper considers the functional significance of alcogenic environments from the perspectives of individual drinkers, based on the availability of alcohol-related affordances.Method: Twelve undergraduate students aged 18-30, with a range of self-reported drinking behaviours virtually navigated a range of drinking environments during photoelicitation interviews. Participants individually described drinking contexts in terms of the form and function-based characteristics that they believed promoted and/or inhibited their alcohol consumption.Results: Interpretative phenomenological analysis revealed the meaning drinking environments had for drinkers, based on their experiences. For participants, alcohol consumption was related to accessibility, communicating with others, consuming food, grasping items, furniture availability, watching or listening to entertainment, advertisement placement, premise décor and alternative action opportunities.Conclusions: Focusing on the functional significance of drinking contexts may be more conducive to understanding contextual factors which may promote or prohibit alcohol 3 consumption. The extent that alcohol-related affordances are linked with excessive consumption and alcohol-related problems merits further study.

We formed the first "atomic-optics" beam of electron-spin-polarized hydrogen atoms using a quasiparabolic polished copper mirror coated with a hydrogen-atom-reflecting film of superfluid 4 He. The mirror was located in the gradient of an 8-T solenoidal magnetic field and mounted on an ultracold cell at 350 mK. After the focusing by the mirror surface, the beam was again focused with a sextupole magnet. The mirror, which was especially designed for operation in the magnetic field gradient of our solenoid, increased the focused beam intensity by a factor of about 7.5. PACS numbers: 29.25.Pj, 67.70.+n Many high energy spin physics experiments require a high intensity spin-polarized atomic hydrogen source, which is either accelerated as a high energy polarized proton beam, or used as a polarized internal target placed in a stored high energy beam [1]. We are developing an ultracold high density jet target [2] of proton-spin-polarized hydrogen atoms for the experiments NEPTUN-A [3] and NEPTUN [4] at the 400 GeV to 3 TeV UNK proton accelerator in Protvino, Russia. This relatively new ultracold method uses a cell coated with superfluid 4 He and a high magnetic field to produce electron-spin-polarized atomic hydrogen [5]. Depolarization and recombination into molecular hydrogen are strongly suppressed because the average thermal energy is much too small to flip the electron spin. Using the Michigan ultracold prototype jet [2], we recently investigated "no microwave" extraction, which uses a steep magnetic field gradient to separate the cold hydrogen atoms of different electron-spin states [6,7]. This method yielded about the same dc flow of almost 10 15 electron-spin-polarized hydrogen atoms per sec (Hs" 1 ) into a compression tube (CT) detector [6] as our earlier "microwave" extraction method [2].The quantum reflection of cold hydrogen atoms from a helium-film-covered surface was first demonstrated by Berkhout et al. [8]. They measured about 80% specular reflectivity for normal incidence on a hemispherical optical quality concave quartz mirror coated with a 100-mK saturated 4 He film. The quantum reflection occurs because each hydrogen atom is light and interacts very weakly with the helium film.We now report the first formation of an external beam of ultracold electron-spin-polarized hydrogen atoms using a highly polished quasiparabolic copper mirror coated with a 4 He film. This mirror focusing significantly improved our jet's beam transport efficiency and thus increased the detected beam intensity by a factor of about (7.5 to 3.7)xlO 15 Hs" 1 . This is an important step to-wards our goal of 10 17 Hs"" 1 .The Michigan prototype jet [2] using the nomicrowave-extraction method [6] is shown in Fig. 1. The atomic hydrogen was produced in a room temperature rf dissociator and guided to an ultracold stabilization cell through a Teflon tube with a Teflon-coated copper nozzle held at about 20 K. The double walls of the cell formed the horizontal mixing chamber of the dilution refrigerator; its cooling power was about 20 mW...

In this chapter, we focus on the emergence of the conscious-clubbing movement and its potential benefits to young adults as a way of spending social time without drinking alcohol. Efforts to promote moderate drinking among young people may be challenging when the environment strongly encourages drinking, but conscious clubbing, which has roots in rave culture and involves dancing without the use of alcohol or other drugs, may offer an alternative. Drawing on literature from the rave scene and the benefits of dancing in a group, we introduce conscious clubbing and how it could bring about meaningful experiences in participants' lives, while at the same time, reducing the consumption of alcohol, and in doing so, we draw on our own recent survey research. This research illuminates challenges in the acceptability of conscious clubbing to some young people, which we discuss alongside suggestions for new directions for research in this area, at the end of the chapter. The historical and cultural significance of ravesAnderson and Kavanaugh (2007) highlight how raves "historically referred to grassroots organized, antiestablishment and unlicensed all-night dance parties, featuring electronically produced dance music (EDM), such as techno, house, trance and drum and bass", whilst acknowledging a number of additional distinct characteristics. These include: a unique sense of cultural identity, defined by 1960s-70 era liberalism, tolerance and unity; non-commercial, "grass-roots" organization in large unlicensed venues, and identity markers or symbols, including language, style, gestures and clothing. Most significantly, many conceptualise the concomitant use of psychoactive drugs, specifically MDMA, a "flagship" rave drug (Kavanaugh & Anderson 2008) as its defining element. During this time, patrons were drawn to contexts whereby they could dance, socialise and develop a sense of community togetherness with no alcohol-related aggression, violence or sexual harassment and no alcohol hangover (Goulding, Shankar & Elliott, 2002).It is important to note however, that rave culture and psychoactive drug usage were a product of the historical and cultural context. Specifically, similarly to the 1920s US jazz and 1960s UK punk scenes, raves were considered as alternative, deviant or a form of youth subculture and identity in the late 1980s/early 1990s (Anderson & Kavanaugh, 2007;Measham, 2004). In addition to increases in both access and availability of these psychoactive drugs (Klee, 1998) at the time, the media were also considered to be amplifying public disapproval regarding alcohol consumption (and its potential relationship to public disorders), typified with discourses such as "lager lout" (Measham & Brain, 2005).Recreational drug use is considered cyclical (Kohn, 1997) and subject to fashions and trends with the decline of alcohol consumption/increase in psychoactive drug consumption changing as time progressed through the so-called decade of dance (1988( -98: Reynolds, 1998. The rave movement appears to have "died", resu...