European flood defense embankments form an excellent habitat for Orthoptera. To be effective against storms, these vegetated earth embankments have to be managed by grazing or mowing. However, grazing can impact invertebrates such as grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera). This management can lead to dispersal toward undisturbed grassland and reductions in the quality of habitat, food resources and oviposition sites. In most cases, orthopteran insects require heterogeneous vegetation patches with swards of varying height. The impact of grazing depends on the type of livestock; it is very important to choose appropriate animals, timing and intensity. Sheep grazing in late summer (September-October) at a moderate intensity seems to be favorable for Orthoptera. If grazing is carefully monitored, it can promote Orthoptera conservation while maintaining flood defense integrity.
As part of an Urban Buzz scheme, strips of teasel (Dipsacus fullonum) and greater knapweed (Centaurea scabiosa) have been established along a sea wall flood defense in the UK to provide a corridor of flower-rich habitat for pollinators such as bees and butterflies. The cutting of tall grassland and planting of dicotyledons also created a suitable short sward environment (c. 30 cm height) for Orthoptera nymphs in the establishment year (2018). However, by 2019, the grassland in the pollinator strips was taller (c. 75 cm) and suboptimal for grasshoppers; in contrast to Roesel’s bush-cricket (Roeseliana roeselii), which inhabited the taller vegetation in greater abundance. The progression to established grassland with flowering D. fullonum saw the pollinator strips attract significantly higher numbers of bees and butterflies than the floristically poor control strips. This small-scale study illustrates that pollinator strips can have multi-functional benefits for ecosystems beyond pollination, with Orthoptera of tall grassland (R. roeselii) likely to persist alongside planted wildflowers.
A five-floor bee hotel was constructed using wooden pallets in an area of urban grassland in Ipswich, United Kingdom. Within one month of construction, two grasshopper species were observed using the hotel, with nymphs in shaded, uncut grass at the base, while adults were observed on all five floors and the roof. On the fourth floor, a stridulating field grasshopper, Chorthippusbrunneus, was sighted on two separate occasions. Further research is required to determine whether bee hotels may be an effective ‘shade’ refuge for grasshoppers in open grassland, while also providing an effective platform for stridulation.
English sea wall flood defences support an important grassland habitat for bumblebees (Bombus spp.). However, annual cutting in midsummer (July–August) could negatively affect them. The mowing regime on a sea wall at Goldhanger Creek in Essex was changed to a late cut (after
15 September) and nest-searching behaviour was compared with an adjacent sea wall cut in midsummer (normal cut in August). Sward height and the number of queens nest-searching were significantly higher on the normal cut sea wall than on the late cut one. Tall grass swards resulting from a
cut early in the previous summer may be important for nest-searching compared to those mown late, although there is probably an interaction with sea wall aspect and soil type. The landward slope was also more attractive for nesting than the flat folding (berm) due to the longer vegetation
where nests under construction were located (of Bombus humilis and B. terrestris).
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